Figure 2. An illustration showing one pathway that molten steel can take during a breakout event.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cem >Credit: Tom Vert\u003c/em>\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text pJqhWQuqgTN"},{"key":"et6JobfkV7v","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["e8gbmjW906l"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"et9cpFgO-Rr","content":{"text":"\u003cp >To determine the root cause(s) of a molten steel breakout, the first step is to ensure all refractories are preserved before demolition so that a thorough analysis can be conducted. Ruling out potential failure modes can be just as useful as identifying the right one because direct observation of certain breakout pathways is not always available. For example, molten steel can flow out of the ladle with such force that the argon plug itself and/or the sleeve is washed out, so they are not available for review.\u003c/p>\u003cp >Figure 3 shows the seven main failure modes through which molten steel escapes the ladle during a breakout event. Failure modes 1, 2, and 3 usually can be determined by the physical evidence of deteriorated refractories and/or steel skulls left over from the breakout. In contrast, failure modes 4, 5, 6, and 7 can be harder to find, and so require a review of the following key evidence:\u003c/p>\u003cul >\u003cli >\u003cdiv style=\"position:relative\">Last laser and/or visual analysis of the hot face of the ladle argon plug at the lay down stand.\u003c/div>\u003c/li>\u003cli >\u003cdiv style=\"position:relative\">Information on oxygen lancing history (e.g., frequency, pressures, times).\u003c/div>\u003c/li>\u003cli >\u003cdiv style=\"position:relative\">Stirring history of the plugs (e.g., # of heats, length of stirring, long stirring, flow rates, pressures).\u003c/div>\u003c/li>\u003cli >\u003cdiv style=\"position:relative\">Installation history of the plugs (e.g., who changed them, installation practices, proximity to the failure).\u003c/div>\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\u003cp >There are 57 factors that are recognized as potential root causes for breakout failures, classified generally as material failures, installation practices, and operating/processing practices, and usually, some combination of these. An investigator must be open minded and review every potential failure to determine what is the root cause and then find a way to eliminate it.\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eVIG6p6w3AU","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["et9cpFgO-Rr"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"e4aUyt9l3-8","content":{"src":{"key":"Pd0UQrLCGe","url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=1920/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/Pd0UQrLCGe.png","ratio":1.379331683168317},"children":[]},"type":"image","cl":"image"},{"key":"evaoIlYAxR8","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >FIGURE 3.\u003c/h4>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eq43OGwOF9f","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["e4aUyt9l3-8","evaoIlYAxR8"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"erjPToY1Epm","content":{"text":"\u003cp >\u003cstrong >Figure 3. Seven main failure modes through which molten steel escapes in a direct stirring system:\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong >\u003cbr />\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong >1) plastic refractory joint,\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >2) refractory surround block, \u003cbr />3) joint between block and sleeve, \u003cbr />4) sleeve itself (and supporting plastic), \u003cbr />5) joint between the sleeve and plug, \u003cbr />6) argon plug itself (and supporting plastic), and\u003cbr />7) argon plug itself and piping system.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cem >Credit: Tom Vert\u003c/em>\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text pJqhWQuqgTN"},{"key":"ezSYW_BSuiz","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["erjPToY1Epm"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"evVU_DBnxyE","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >The seven failure modes of molten steel breakout\u003c/h4>\u003cp >During root cause analysis, an investigator will consider each of the following failure modes and determine which mode, or more accurately, which combination of modes led to the breakout of molten steel.\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eyTAMPulf4a","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["evVU_DBnxyE"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eWWq0XhRACV","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >Mode 1: Failure of block support\u003c/h3>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >FAILURE CAUSE:\u003c/strong> The supporting refractory material around the block either wears too quickly, cracks, and/or spalls, creating an easy pathway through which molten steel can flow. The steel may take a few heat cycles to break through due to freezing near the ladle shell, but if true integrity is lost, then it will make its way down, creep under and/or lift the block, and break out.\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential refractory cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >a.\u003c/strong> Failure of the refractory material due to poor quality from the supplier.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >b.\u003c/strong> Failure of refractory material due to over aged and/or improper storage (e.g., stored in high humidity area).\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >c.\u003c/strong> Low quality material chosen for an application with higher slag and/or temperature resistance.\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential installation cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >d.\u003c/strong> Ram or plastic not installed dense enough and/or with air pockets due to poor ramming equipment and/or technique.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >e.\u003c/strong> Castable not installed and/or dried out properly with too much water and/or poor material or ambient temperature control, leading to poor density and/or minimal bonding strength.\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential process cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >f.\u003c/strong> Surrounding material damaged due to improper dig out on block and/or plug changes.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >g.\u003c/strong> Extremely aggressive slags eating into the surrounding material and causing extreme unexpected wear.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >h.\u003c/strong> Extreme oxygen lancing in the wrong spot eating into the surrounding material and causing extreme unexpected wear.\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eLEfSNYXHEd","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["eWWq0XhRACV"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"e4Ewb5yjAKv","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >Mode 2: Failure of refractory block (assuming a precast block is used)\u003c/h3>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >FAILURE CAUSE:\u003c/strong> The main refractory block either wears too quickly, cracks, and/or spalls, creating an easy pathway through which molten steel can flow. The steel may take a few heat cycles to break through due to freezing near the ladle shell, but if true integrity is lost, then it will make its way down and break out.\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential refractory cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >a.\u003c/strong> Failure of refractory material due to poor quality from supplier.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >b.\u003c/strong> Failure of refractory material due to over aged and/or improper storage (e.g., getting soaked in water in storage).\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >c.\u003c/strong> Low quality material chosen for an application with higher slag and/or temperature resistance.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >d.\u003c/strong> Improper refractory shape (i.e., square blocks always crack in service).\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential installation cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >e.\u003c/strong> Block is not installed level and secure leading to stress and then cracks. \u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >f.\u003c/strong> Supporting refractory is not installed and/or dried out properly with too much water and/or poor material or ambient temperature control, leading to poor density and/or minimal bonding strength and then a moving and/or cracking block (see Mode 1 for more info).\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential process cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >g.\u003c/strong> Block is damaged due to improper dig out on block and/ or plug changes.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >h.\u003c/strong> Extremely aggressive slags eating into the block and causing extreme unexpected wear.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >i.\u003c/strong> Extreme oxygen lancing in the wrong spot eating into the block material and causing extreme unexpected wear.\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"e61MtKGJfkr","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["e4Ewb5yjAKv"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eRRwO2p2Ztj","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >Mode 3: Failure of joint between block and sleeve\u003c/h3>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >FAILURE CAUSE:\u003c/strong> The joint between the main refractory block and the sleeve joint becomes compromised, creating an easy pathway through which molten steel can flow. The steel may take as little as one heat cycle to break through, at which point it will make its way down through the natural path and break out.\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential refractory cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >a.\u003c/strong> Failure of refractory material due to poor quality from supplier.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >b.\u003c/strong> Failure of refractory material mortar due to improper mixing and/or over aged and/or improper storage (e.g., getting frozen).\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >c.\u003c/strong> Low quality material chosen for an application with higher slag and/or mechanical strength requirement.\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential installation cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >d.\u003c/strong> Sleeve is not installed properly due to bad mortaring (too much mortar and too thick a joint), leading to a loose installation and potential cracking and/or joint and/or sleeve movement. \u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >e.\u003c/strong> Sleeve is not installed properly due to bad mortaring (too little mortar and too thin a joint), leading to a tight installation and potential cracking/stress and/or joint.\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential process cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >f.\u003c/strong> Block is damaged and/or worn low (high wear and/or run too long), leading to direct access to the lower joint area.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >g.\u003c/strong> Improper cleanout of slag/steel at hot face of plug/sleeve/block, leading to sleeve not sitting in correct location and open and/or offset joint (note that this condition can lead to Mode 3d failure, large joint).\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"emx4SdHFupf","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["eRRwO2p2Ztj"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"egejGrjP4gB","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >Mode 4: Failure of refractory sleeve (assuming precast sleeve is used)\u003c/h3>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >FAILURE CAUSE:\u003c/strong> The main refractory sleeve either wears too quickly, cracks, and/or spalls, creating an easy pathway through which molten steel can flow. The steel may take a few heat cycles to break through due to freezing near the ladle shell, but if true integrity is lost, then it will make its way down and break out.\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential refractory cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >a.\u003c/strong> Failure of refractory material due to poor quality from supplier.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >b.\u003c/strong> Failure of refractory material due to over aged and/or improper storage (e.g., getting soaked in water in storage).\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >c.\u003c/strong> Low quality material chosen for an application with higher slag and/or temperature resistance.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >d.\u003c/strong> Improper refractory shape (i.e., too thin a sleeve [< 30 mm] can lead to cracks in service).\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential installation cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >e.\u003c/strong> Sleeve is not installed level and secure, leading to stress and then cracks. \u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >f.\u003c/strong> Supporting refractory is not installed and/or dried out properly with too much water and/or poor material or ambient temperature control, leading to a moving and/or cracking sleeve (see Mode 3 for more info).\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential process cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >g.\u003c/strong> Sleeve is damaged due to improper dig out on plug changes.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >h.\u003c/strong> Extremely aggressive slags eating into the sleeve causing extreme unexpected wear.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >i.\u003c/strong> Extreme oxygen lancing in the wrong spot eating into the sleeve material and causing extreme unexpected wear.\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"ecidHwJlWKo","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["egejGrjP4gB"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eIsx0C7oh3K","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >Mode 5: Failure of joint between sleeve and plug (for systems with a sleeve)\u003c/h3>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >FAILURE CAUSE:\u003c/strong> The joint between the main refractory sleeve and the plug joint becomes compromised, creating an easy pathway through which molten steel can flow. The steel may take as little as one heat cycle to break through, at which point it will make its way down through the natural path and break out.\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential refractory cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >a.\u003c/strong> Failure of refractory material due to poor quality from supplier.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >b.\u003c/strong> Failure of refractory material mortar due to improper mixing and/or over aged and/or improper storage (e.g., getting frozen).\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >c.\u003c/strong> Low quality material chosen for an application with higher slag and/or mechanical strength requirement.\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential installation cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >d.\u003c/strong> Plug is not installed properly due to bad mortaring (too much mortar and too thick a joint), leading to a loose installation and potential cracking and/or joint and/or plug movement. \u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >e.\u003c/strong> Plug is not installed properly due to bad mortaring (too little mortar and too thin a joint), leading to a tight installation and potential cracking/stress and/or joint opening.\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential process cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >f.\u003c/strong> Sleeve is damaged and/or worn low (high wear and/or used too long), leading to direct access to the lower joint area.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >g.\u003c/strong> Improper cleanout of slag/steel at hot face of plug/sleeve, leading to plug not sitting in correct location and open and/of offset joint (note that this condition can lead to Mode 5d failure, large joint).\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"exUNaeOsuj-","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["eIsx0C7oh3K"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eDtMIj1Lkkh","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >Mode 6: Failure of refractory plug\u003c/h3>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >FAILURE CAUSE:\u003c/strong> The main refractory plug either wears too quickly, cracks, and/or spalls, creating an easy pathway through which liquid steel can flow. The steel may take a few heat cycles to break through due to freezing near the ladle shell, but if true integrity is lost, then it will make its way down and break out.\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential refractory cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >a.\u003c/strong> Failure of refractory material due to poor quality from supplier.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >b.\u003c/strong> Failure of refractory material due to over aged and/or improper storage (e.g., getting magnesia plug soaked in water).\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >c.\u003c/strong> Low quality material chosen for an application with higher slag and/or temperature resistance (e.g., low alumina plug for low price).\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >d.\u003c/strong> Improper refractory type (i.e., porous vs slit vs combination plug).\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >e.\u003c/strong> No argon plug wear indicator (either shape and/or radiant color), making it hard to read.\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential installation cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >f.\u003c/strong> Argon plug is not installed level and secure, leading to stress and then cracks. \u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >g.\u003c/strong> Supporting refractory joint is not installed properly, leading to a moving and/or cracking plug (see Mode 5 for more info).\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential process cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >h.\u003c/strong> Plug is damaged due to improper dig out on the plug change, in either plug or sleeve area.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >i.\u003c/strong> Extremely aggressive slags eating into the plug and causing extreme unexpected wear.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >j.\u003c/strong> Extreme oxygen lancing in the wrong spot eating into the plug material and causing extreme unexpected wear.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >k.\u003c/strong> Thick slag and/or steel layer covering plug, making it hard to read.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >l.\u003c/strong> Oxygen contaminates the argon system and burns the plug out from back side internally.\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eBq6MsTGAKl","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["eDtMIj1Lkkh"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"e06QRI9jK9l","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >Mode 7: Failure of argon plug support system\u003c/h3>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >FAILURE CAUSE:\u003c/strong> The mechanical support system located behind the plug (including the refractory plastic) becomes loose, leading to plug and/or sleeve movement, including joint openings, that creates an easy pathway through which molten steel can flow. The steel may take a few heat cycles to break through due to freezing near the ladle shell, but if true integrity is lost, then it will make its way down and break out.\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential refractory cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >a.\u003c/strong> Failure of refractory material due to poor quality from supplier.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >b.\u003c/strong> Failure of refractory material due to over aged and/or improper storage (e.g., getting soaked in water).\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential installation cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >c.\u003c/strong> Supporting refractory is not installed and compacted enough, leading to loss of density and looseness in the system. \u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >d.\u003c/strong> Supporting mechanical system is not installed and/or secured properly leading to movement of supporting plastic and/or plug/sleeve moving and/or cracking with path for steel to follow. (Note that head pressure of entire heat can quickly pressurize any looseness and the heat will be lost).\u003c/p>\u003ch5 >Potential process cause(s)\u003c/h5>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >e.\u003c/strong> Mechanical system or argon hoses are ripped off /damaged/bent, leading to loss of supporting mechanical system.\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"e-c4ws6gLr3","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["e06QRI9jK9l"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eEcKeZf61DG","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >Conclusions\u003c/h4>\u003cp >Root cause analysis of a steel ladle argon system breakout is an exhaustive process that incorporates a detailed review of all relevant material, installation, and/or processing anomalies that result in loss of the molten steel. An open mind, a detailed process, and a determination not to be swayed by theory but only by facts are all required if the root cause is to be found. Only in this way can a proper engineering solution be tailored to mitigate the possibility of future breakout events.\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"etXeg-5dHIO","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["eEcKeZf61DG"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eCyw4pWeK56","content":{"text":"\u003cp >\u003cstrong >About the author:\u003cbr />Tom Vert is an independent consultant through his company Strategic Refractory Consulting (Hamilton, Canada). Contact \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"mailto:tomvert90@gmail.com?Subject=\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong >Vert\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong >.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eByO0Lmn7x_","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["eCyw4pWeK56"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"pwR6p6p7o3a","children":["ex7NM5NBsaH","eRYTx7iTPyF","exDo4sw73g5","ecHMZX2DTj1","eZxrVpzg5Rv","et6JobfkV7v","eVIG6p6w3AU","eq43OGwOF9f","ezSYW_BSuiz","eyTAMPulf4a","eLEfSNYXHEd","e61MtKGJfkr","emx4SdHFupf","ecidHwJlWKo","exUNaeOsuj-","eBq6MsTGAKl","e-c4ws6gLr3","etXeg-5dHIO","eByO0Lmn7x_"]},{"key":"eHM7fylNdRK","content":{"children":[]},"type":"frame","cl":"frame"},{"key":"e_6ShgW3YLr","content":{"children":[],"link":{"mode":0,"page":"piSiBV_GVN4","target":true}},"type":"external-link","cl":"external-link"},{"key":"e4DSa_UssFH","content":{"header text":"","body":"Issue Navigation Guide","linkLabel":"","position":"bottom","bgColor":{"a":1,"r":59,"b":83,"g":62},"textColor":{"a":1,"r":255,"b":255,"g":255},"children":[]},"type":"wIrN02u8fe","icons":{"down":[320,512,"M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"],"up":[320,512,"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"],"left":[192,512,"M192 127.338v257.324c0 17.818-21.543 26.741-34.142 14.142L29.196 270.142c-7.81-7.81-7.81-20.474 0-28.284l128.662-128.662c12.599-12.6 34.142-3.676 34.142 14.142z"],"right":[192,512,"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"]},"cl":"wIrN02u8fe"},{"key":"e8mgX1jXyu4","content":{"shapeId":"axhnTf-Px0","children":[]},"type":"shape","actions":["e_6ShgW3YLr","e4DSa_UssFH"],"cl":"shape"},{"key":"esEAipog5nG","content":{"header text":"","body":"Download Issue PDF","linkLabel":"","position":"bottom","bgColor":{"a":1,"r":59,"b":83,"g":62},"textColor":{"a":1,"r":255,"b":255,"g":255},"children":[]},"type":"wIrN02u8fe","icons":{"down":[320,512,"M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"],"up":[320,512,"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"],"left":[192,512,"M192 127.338v257.324c0 17.818-21.543 26.741-34.142 14.142L29.196 270.142c-7.81-7.81-7.81-20.474 0-28.284l128.662-128.662c12.599-12.6 34.142-3.676 34.142 14.142z"],"right":[192,512,"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"]},"cl":"wIrN02u8fe"},{"key":"e1unKW7eVC8","content":{"children":[],"link":{"mode":2,"href":"https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/od8gmn2wiow7satckt7v7/Bulletin-March2024_final.pdf?rlkey=e0jt552kygfelndodpgvh1wb6&dl=1","target":true}},"type":"external-link","cl":"external-link"},{"key":"eLzwSXKWRE6","content":{"shapeId":"sJZA9TExrX","children":[]},"type":"shape","actions":["esEAipog5nG","e1unKW7eVC8"],"cl":"shape"},{"key":"ePkMwQSYYqU","content":{"header text":"","body":"Table of Contents","linkLabel":"","position":"bottom","bgColor":{"a":1,"r":59,"b":83,"g":62},"textColor":{"a":1,"r":255,"b":255,"g":255},"children":[]},"type":"wIrN02u8fe","icons":{"down":[320,512,"M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"],"up":[320,512,"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"],"left":[192,512,"M192 127.338v257.324c0 17.818-21.543 26.741-34.142 14.142L29.196 270.142c-7.81-7.81-7.81-20.474 0-28.284l128.662-128.662c12.599-12.6 34.142-3.676 34.142 14.142z"],"right":[192,512,"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"]},"cl":"wIrN02u8fe"},{"key":"eeDl8ptvaB4","content":{"children":[],"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pSXUxoDRYIk"}},"type":"external-link","cl":"external-link"},{"key":"eM3DjywvgkH","content":{"shapeId":"gUbFsFJwB4","children":[]},"type":"shape","actions":["ePkMwQSYYqU","eeDl8ptvaB4"],"cl":"shape"},{"key":"eg789zJNYjE","content":{"header text":"","body":"Home","linkLabel":"","position":"bottom","bgColor":{"a":1,"r":59,"b":83,"g":62},"textColor":{"a":1,"r":255,"b":255,"g":255},"children":[]},"type":"wIrN02u8fe","icons":{"down":[320,512,"M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"],"up":[320,512,"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"],"left":[192,512,"M192 127.338v257.324c0 17.818-21.543 26.741-34.142 14.142L29.196 270.142c-7.81-7.81-7.81-20.474 0-28.284l128.662-128.662c12.599-12.6 34.142-3.676 34.142 14.142z"],"right":[192,512,"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"]},"cl":"wIrN02u8fe"},{"key":"eKgC16v6Wi3","content":{"children":[],"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pfhiHh9Jh3q"}},"type":"external-link","cl":"external-link"},{"key":"e26sT_vgZiV","content":{"shapeId":"home-lg-alt-solid","children":[]},"type":"shape","actions":["eg789zJNYjE","eKgC16v6Wi3"],"cl":"shape"},{"key":"e2YBa3B0Dp1","content":{"children":[],"pageMenu":"UIGoCCyQiq"},"type":"w1br1l0lsu-u06","icons":{"menu":[448,512,"M442 114H6a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V84a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h436a6 6 0 0 1 6 6v24a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm0 160H6a6 6 0 0 1-6-6v-24a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h436a6 6 0 0 1 6 6v24a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm0 160H6a6 6 0 0 1-6-6v-24a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h436a6 6 0 0 1 6 6v24a6 6 0 0 1-6 6z"]},"cl":"w1br1l0lsu-u06"},{"key":"e2I0HP8KzVa","content":{"children":[],"nextText":"NEXT","prevText":"BACK","menu":"UIGoCCyQiq"},"type":"w7Ty9ifjBD","icons":{"left":[512,512,"M34.5 239L228.9 44.7c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.7 22.7c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.5 0 33.9L131.5 256l154 154.7c9.3 9.4 9.3 24.5 0 33.9l-22.7 22.7c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L34.5 273c-9.3-9.4-9.3-24.6 0-34zm192 34l194.3 194.3c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l22.7-22.7c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.5 0-33.9L323.5 256l154-154.7c9.3-9.4 9.3-24.5 0-33.9l-22.7-22.7c-9.4-9.4-24.6-9.4-33.9 0L226.5 239c-9.3 9.4-9.3 24.6 0 34z"],"right":[512,512,"M477.5 273L283.1 467.3c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.7-22.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.5 0-33.9l154-154.7-154-154.7c-9.3-9.4-9.3-24.5 0-33.9l22.7-22.7c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0L477.5 239c9.3 9.4 9.3 24.6 0 34zm-192-34L91.1 44.7c-9.4-9.4-24.6-9.4-33.9 0L34.5 67.4c-9.4 9.4-9.4 24.5 0 33.9l154 154.7-154 154.7c-9.3 9.4-9.3 24.5 0 33.9l22.7 22.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0L285.5 273c9.3-9.4 9.3-24.6 0-34z"]},"cl":"w7Ty9ifjBD"},{"key":"eNRwkKQXha6","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Zachariasen-Pinned-Reference 1A","page":"K6cqIPP3hP","pageName":"ACerS March 2024","key":"eVDUCqDpeEH"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Zachariasen-Pinned-Reference 1A","page":"K6cqIPP3hP","pageName":"ACerS March 2024","key":"eVDUCqDpeEH"}}],"children":[]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"eha58C6sDDi","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >1\u003c/sup> McDonald, L. “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://ceramics.org/ceramic-tech-today/education/ceramics-and-ceramists-on-the-manhattan-project-a-narrative-of-activities-at-mit\">Ceramics and ceramists on the Manhattan Project: A narrative of activities at MIT\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Ceramic Tech Today\u003c/em>, 5 Sept. 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >2\u003c/sup> \u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/66/9-10/1097/41315/Memorial-of-Fredrik-William-Houlder-Zachariasen\" target=\"_blank\">Memorial of Fredrik William Houlder Zachariasen\u003c/a>, by Paul Moore, American Mineralogist, Vol. 66, pgs. 1097–1098, 1981.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >3\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00818116.pdf\">Memorial to professor (Fredrik) William H. Zachariasen\u003c/a>,” article written in \u003cem >Los Alamos Science\u003c/em>, by Robert A. Penneman, Summer 1980 issue.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >4\u003c/sup> National Academy of Sciences, “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.17226/2037\">Biographic Memoirs: Volume 61\u003c/a>,” chapter by Mark G. Inghram. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1992.\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","actions":["eNRwkKQXha6"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"eVDUCqDpeEH","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eTX_-x7Xz_E","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Discrete-Pinned-References2A","page":"K6cqIPP3hP","pageName":"ACerS March 2024","key":"eV2wjPokS8Q"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Discrete-Pinned-References2A","page":"K6cqIPP3hP","pageName":"ACerS March 2024","key":"eV2wjPokS8Q"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Discrete-Pinned-References1A","page":"K6cqIPP3hP","pageName":"ACerS March 2024","key":"ecv1wWfAwuV"}}],"children":[]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"ezF9T8IMv1w","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >9\u003c/sup> D. André et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2019.03.013\">A novel DEM approach for modeling brittle elastic media based on distinct lattice spring model\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering\u003c/em>, vol. 350, 2019, pp. 100–122.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >10\u003c/sup> A. S. Grigoriev et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237376\">Analysis of the quasi-static and dynamic fracture of the silica refractory using the mesoscale discrete element modeling\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Materials\u003c/em>, vol. 14, 2021, p. 7376.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >11\u003c/sup> D. André et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2011.12.002\">Discrete element method to simulate continuous material by using the cohesive beam model\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering\u003c/em>, vol. 213–216, 2012, pp. 113–125.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >12\u003c/sup> F. Asadi, “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.theses.fr/2021LIMO0046\">Micro-mechanical modeling of heterogeneous materials containing microcracks with discrete element method (DEM)\u003c/a>,” PhD, IRCER, Limoges, 2021.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >13\u003c/sup> T. Thi. Nguyen, “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0089\">Numerical modeling of microstructure–properties relationships of refractories: micro-mechanical approach with the discrete element method. Diss. Limoges\u003c/a>,” Thesis, IRCER, Limoges, 2019.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >14\u003c/sup> D. André et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2017.01.029\">A discrete element thermo-mechanical modeling of diffuse damage induced by thermal expansion mismatch of two-phase materials\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering\u003c/em>, vol. 318, 2017, pp. 898–916.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >15\u003c/sup> S. Nosewicz et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184015\">Discrete element framework for determination of sintering and post sintering residual stresses of particle reinforced composites\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Materials\u003c/em>, vol. 13, 2020, p. 4015.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >16\u003c/sup> P. R. Prakash et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2020.107269\">A meso-scale discrete element method framework to simulate thermo-mechanical failure of concrete subjected to elevated temperatures\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Engineering Fracture Mechanics\u003c/em>, vol. 239, 2020, p. 107269.\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","actions":["eTX_-x7Xz_E"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"e6NqT4aGXXR","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Discrete-Pinned-References1A","page":"K6cqIPP3hP","pageName":"ACerS March 2024","key":"ecv1wWfAwuV"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Discrete-Pinned-References1A","page":"K6cqIPP3hP","pageName":"ACerS March 2024","key":"ecv1wWfAwuV"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Discrete-Pinned-References2A","page":"K6cqIPP3hP","pageName":"ACerS March 2024","key":"eV2wjPokS8Q"}}],"children":[]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"enCCFH2GoGv","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >1\u003c/sup> M. Mouiya et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.19325\">The stress–strain behavior of refractory microcracked aluminum titanate: The effect of zigzag microcracks and its modeling\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Journal of the American Ceramic Society\u003c/em>, vol. 106, 2023, pp. 6995–7008.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >2\u003c/sup> W. Du et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.03.066\">Discrete element modeling of ordinary refractory ceramics under cold crushing testing: Influence of minimum element size\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Ceramics International\u003c/em>, vol. 48, 2022, pp. 17934–17941.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >3\u003c/sup> R. G. Bourdel et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.10.048\">Influence of thermal damage occurrence at microstructural scale on the thermomechanical behavior of magnesia–spinel refractories\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Journal of the European Ceramic Society\u003c/em>, vol. 32, 2012, pp. 989–999.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >4\u003c/sup> M. G. Kakroudi et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.07.043\">Anisotropic behavior of andalusite particles used as aggregates on refractory castables\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Journal of the European Ceramic Society\u003c/em>, vol. 29, 2008, pp. 571–579.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >5\u003c/sup> M. Kuna, “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6680-8_7\">FE techniques for crack analysis in elastic-plastic structures\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Finite Elements in Fracture Mechanics: Theory-Numerics-Applications\u003c/em>, vol. 201. 2013, pp. 305-325.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >6\u003c/sup> Y. Wang et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2015.10.019\">From diffuse damage to sharp cohesive cracks: A coupled XFEM framework for failure analysis of quasi-brittle materials\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering\u003c/em>, vol. 299, 2016, pp. 57–89.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >7\u003c/sup> T. T. Nguyen et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2016.06.004\">Initiation and propagation of complex 3D networks of cracks in heterogeneous quasi-brittle materials: Direct comparison between in situ testing-microCT experiments and phase field simulations\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids\u003c/em>, vol. 95, 2016, pp. 320–350.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >8\u003c/sup> M. H. Moreira et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://bulletin-archive.ceramics.org/2020-03/\">Discrete element modeling—A promising method for refractory microstructure design\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >American Ceramic Society Bulletin\u003c/em>, vol. 99, 2020, pp. 22–28.\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","actions":["e6NqT4aGXXR"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"eV2wjPokS8Q","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES 9–16: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"ecv1wWfAwuV","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES 1–8: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eQmFx6S2MIb","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Decipher - Pinned - References 1","page":"sn3RIpZk41","pageName":"ACerS January-February 2024","key":"eLx09LvEAwR"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":1,"value":[448,512,"M432 32a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v80a16 16 0 0 1-16 16h-16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V96H256v336h48a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v16a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H144a16 16 0 0 1-16-16v-16a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h48V96H48v32a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V48a16 16 0 0 1 16-16z"]},"name":"Decipher - Pinned - References 1","page":"dda52WCRho","pageName":"ACerS May 2023","key":"eLx09LvEAwR"}}]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"eAFYwwd4K4d","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >1\u003c/sup> CM Rost et al., “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9485\" target=\"_blank\">Entropy-stabilized oxides\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Nat. Commun.\u003c/em> 2015, \u003cstrong >6\u003c/strong>(1): 8485.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >2\u003c/sup> TS Böscke et al., “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3634052\" target=\"_blank\">Ferroelectricity in hafnium oxide thin films\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Appl. Phys. Lett.\u003c/em> 2011, \u003cstrong >99\u003c/strong>(10): 102903.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >3\u003c/sup> AA Voskanyan et al., “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114139\" target=\"_blank\">A new class of entropy stabilized oxides: Commensurately modulated A\u003c/a>\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114139\" target=\"_blank\">\u003csub >6\u003c/sub>\u003c/a>\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114139\" target=\"_blank\">B\u003c/a>\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114139\" target=\"_self\">\u003csub >2\u003c/sub>\u003c/a>\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114139\" target=\"_blank\">O\u003c/a>\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114139\" target=\"_blank\">\u003csub >17\u003c/sub>\u003c/a> \u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114139\" target=\"_blank\">(A = Zr, Hf; B = Nb, Ta) structures\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Scr. Mater.\u003c/em> 2021, \u003cstrong >204:\u003c/strong> 114139.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >4\u003c/sup> RJ Spurling et al., “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08396-5\" target=\"_self\">Phase equilibria and metastability in the high-entropy A\u003c/a>\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08396-5\" target=\"_blank\">\u003csub >6\u003c/sub>\u003c/a>\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08396-5\" target=\"_blank\">B\u003c/a>\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08396-5\" target=\"_blank\">\u003csub >2\u003c/sub>\u003c/a>\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08396-5\" target=\"_blank\">O\u003c/a>\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08396-5\" target=\"_blank\">\u003csub >17\u003c/sub>\u003c/a> \u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08396-5\" target=\"_blank\">oxide family with A = Zr, Hf and B = Nb, Ta\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >J. Mater. Sci.\u003c/em> 2023, \u003cstrong >58\u003c/strong>(14): 6164–6173.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","actions":["eQmFx6S2MIb"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"eLx09LvEAwR","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eeZrCkY1uJs","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Analytics-Pinned-Reference 1A","page":"K6cqIPP3hP","pageName":"ACerS March 2024","key":"e9vqgA_WcVR"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Analytics-Pinned-Reference 1A","page":"K6cqIPP3hP","pageName":"ACerS March 2024","key":"e9vqgA_WcVR"}}],"children":[]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"eO2cPn4iC4R","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >1\u003c/sup> Falcone, R., et al. “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sgt/gt/2002/00000043/00000001/art00005?crawler=true\" target=\"_blank\">X-ray fluorescence analysis of raw materials for the glass and ceramic industries\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Glass Technology\u003c/em> 2002, \u003cstrong >43\u003c/strong>(1): 39–48.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >2\u003c/sup> Georgakopoulou, Myrto, et al. “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.2745\" target=\"_blank\">Development and calibration of a WDXRF routine applied to provenance studies on archaeological ceramics\u003c/a>.” \u003cem >X–Ray Spectrometry\u003c/em> 2017, \u003cstrong >46\u003c/strong>(3): 186–199.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >3\u003c/sup> Graeve, O.A. “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"http://www.klin-lab.ru/images/books/ceramic-and-glass-materials.pdf#page=178\" target=\"_blank\">Zirconia\u003c/a>.” In: Shackelford, J.F. and Doremus, R.H. (eds) \u003cem >Ceramic and Glass Materials\u003c/em>.\u003cem > \u003c/em>Springer, Boston, MA. (2008).\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >4\u003c/sup> Roy, M., et al. “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802792-9.00006-9\" target=\"_blank\">Ceramics in bone grafts and coated implants\u003c/a>.” In: Bose, S. and Bandyopadhyay, A. (eds) \u003cem >Materials for Bone Disorders\u003c/em>. Academic Press. (2017).\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","actions":["eeZrCkY1uJs"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"e9vqgA_WcVR","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"e6o46G9OTP6","content":{"debug":false,"children":[]},"type":"wl9gVIiyFe","icons":{"close":[448,512,"M400 32H48C21.5 32 0 53.5 0 80v352c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h352c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V80c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48zm16 400c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16H48c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16V80c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16h352c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16v352zm-97.2-245.3L249.5 256l69.3 69.3c4.7 4.7 4.7 12.3 0 17l-8.5 8.5c-4.7 4.7-12.3 4.7-17 0L224 281.5l-69.3 69.3c-4.7 4.7-12.3 4.7-17 0l-8.5-8.5c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17l69.3-69.3-69.3-69.3c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17l8.5-8.5c4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0l69.3 69.3 69.3-69.3c4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0l8.5 8.5c4.6 4.7 4.6 12.3 0 17z"]},"cl":"wl9gVIiyFe"},{"key":"emfCvHGMX_r","content":{"debug":false,"children":[]},"type":"wl9gVIiyFe","icons":{"close":[448,512,"M400 32H48C21.5 32 0 53.5 0 80v352c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h352c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V80c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48zm16 400c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16H48c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16V80c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16h352c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16v352zm-97.2-245.3L249.5 256l69.3 69.3c4.7 4.7 4.7 12.3 0 17l-8.5 8.5c-4.7 4.7-12.3 4.7-17 0L224 281.5l-69.3 69.3c-4.7 4.7-12.3 4.7-17 0l-8.5-8.5c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17l69.3-69.3-69.3-69.3c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17l8.5-8.5c4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0l69.3 69.3 69.3-69.3c4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0l8.5 8.5c4.6 4.7 4.6 12.3 0 17z"]},"cl":"wl9gVIiyFe"},{"key":"e_SIyUt6zfX","content":{"debug":false,"children":[]},"type":"wl9gVIiyFe","icons":{"close":[448,512,"M400 32H48C21.5 32 0 53.5 0 80v352c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h352c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V80c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48zm16 400c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16H48c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16V80c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16h352c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16v352zm-97.2-245.3L249.5 256l69.3 69.3c4.7 4.7 4.7 12.3 0 17l-8.5 8.5c-4.7 4.7-12.3 4.7-17 0L224 281.5l-69.3 69.3c-4.7 4.7-12.3 4.7-17 0l-8.5-8.5c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17l69.3-69.3-69.3-69.3c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17l8.5-8.5c4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0l69.3 69.3 69.3-69.3c4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0l8.5 8.5c4.6 4.7 4.6 12.3 0 17z"]},"cl":"wl9gVIiyFe"},{"key":"eZKj3hdkTlv","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Cover Feature - Pinned - References 1","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"ecfAxCj0ErV"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Cover Feature - Pinned - References 1","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"ecfAxCj0ErV"}}],"children":[]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"eCbejysj3Fb","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >1\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.pacificorp.com/about/newsroom/news-releases/pacificorp-supplies-wind-turbine-blades-to-demonstrate-recycling-technology.html\">PacifiCorp supplies wind turbine blades to demonstrate new recycling technology\u003c/a>,” PacifiCorp, 21 Sept. 2020. Accessed 20 Oct. 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >2\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.ge.com/news/press-releases/ge-renewable-energy-announces-us-blade-recycling-contract-with-veolia\">GE Renewable Energy announces US blade recycling contract with Veolia\u003c/a>,” GE, 8 Dec. 2020. Accessed 6 Nov. 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >3\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_23_3819\">Circular economy: improving design and end-of-life management of cars for more resource-efficient automotive sector\u003c/a>,” European Commission, 13 July 2023. Accessed 6 Nov. 2023..\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","actions":["eZKj3hdkTlv"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"ecfAxCj0ErV","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"e-DBTDjQ6_v","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Entekno - References 2A","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"ew-pK1upyDC"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Entekno - References 2A","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"ew-pK1upyDC"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Entekno - References 1A","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"eWnHSzj5c5G"}}],"children":[]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"e6cFC1V2ulh","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >8\u003c/sup> Saito, Y., Takao, H., Tani, T., Nonoyama, T., Takatori, K., Homma, T., “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03028\" target=\"_blank\">Lead free piezoceramics\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Nature\u003c/em> 2004, 432.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >9\u003c/sup> Cohen, R. E. “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/358136a0\" target=\"_blank\">Origin of ferroelectricity in perovskite oxides\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Nature\u003c/em> 1992, 358: 136–138.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >10\u003c/sup> “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/nanotechnology/lead-free-piezoelectric-ceramics-market-report.html\" target=\"_blank\">Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics: Technologies and global opportunities\u003c/a>,” BCC Research, April 2022, Report Number NAN063B.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >11\u003c/sup> Messing, G.,L., Trolier-McKinstry, S., Sabolsky, E.M., Duran, C., Kwon, S., Brahmaroutu, B., Park, P., Yılmaz, H., Rehrig, P.W., Eitel, K.B., Suvacı, E., Seabaugh, M., Oh, K.S., “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408430490490905\" target=\"_blank\">Templated grain growth of textured piezoelectric ceramics\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences\u003c/em> 2004, 29(2): 45–96.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >12\u003c/sup> Wu, J., Xiao, D., Zhu, J., “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5006809\" target=\"_blank\">Potassium sodium niobate lead-free piezoelectric materials: Past, present, and future of phase boundaries\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Chem Rev.\u003c/em> 2015, 115.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >13\u003c/sup> Wu, J., “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-10-8998-5\" target=\"_blank\">Advances in lead-free piezoelectric materials\u003c/a>,” Springer, 2018.\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","actions":["e-DBTDjQ6_v"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"ew-pK1upyDC","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES 8–13: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"e6cbdpEOv7T","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Entekno - References 1A","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"eWnHSzj5c5G"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Entekno - References 1A","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"eWnHSzj5c5G"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Entekno - References 2A","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"ew-pK1upyDC"}}],"children":[]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"e5SFHGe_W7t","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >1\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://onscale.com/piezoelectricity/history-of-piezoelectricity\">A history of the piezoelectric effect,\u003c/a>” OnScale. Accessed 15 Aug. 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >2\u003c/sup> Rödel, J., Webber, K.G., Dittmer, R., Jo, W., Kimura,M., Damjanovic, D., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.12.013\">Transferring lead free piezoelectric ceramics into application\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >J.Eur.Ceram.Soc.\u003c/em> 2015, 35.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >3\u003c/sup> Huo, D., Chen, W., Sun, Y., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hybrid_Machining/y-JgDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA77&printsec=frontcover\">Chapter 4: Vibration assisted milling\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Hybrid Machining\u003c/em> 2018, 77–109.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >4\u003c/sup> Sun, E., Cao, W., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2014.03.006\">Relaxor based ferroelectric single crystals: growth, domain engineering, characterization and applications\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Prog. Mater.Sci.\u003c/em> 2015.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >5\u003c/sup> Park, S.E.E., Hackenberger, W., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0286(02)00023-2\">High performance single crystal piezoelectrics: application and issues,\u003c/a>” \u003cem >Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science\u003c/em> 2002, 6.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >6\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.rohsguide.com/rohs-faq.htm\">RoHS compliance FAQ\u003c/a>,” RoHS Guide. Last updated 15 Aug. 2023. Accessed 15 Aug. 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >7\u003c/sup> Jaeger, R.E., Egerton, L., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1962.tb11127.x\">Hot pressing of potassium–sodium niobates\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >J. Am. Ceram. Soc.\u003c/em> 1962, 45(5).\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","actions":["e6cbdpEOv7T"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"eWnHSzj5c5G","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES 1–7: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eGr3sUVZiCP","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Entekno - References 2A","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"ew-pK1upyDC"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Entekno - References 2A","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"ew-pK1upyDC"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Entekno - References 1A","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"eWnHSzj5c5G"}}],"children":[]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"edeG9rgKK1c","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >8\u003c/sup> Saito, Y., Takao, H., Tani, T., Nonoyama, T., Takatori, K., Homma, T., “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03028\" target=\"_blank\">Lead free piezoceramics\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Nature\u003c/em> 2004, 432.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >9\u003c/sup> Cohen, R. E. “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/358136a0\" target=\"_blank\">Origin of ferroelectricity in perovskite oxides\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Nature\u003c/em> 1992, 358: 136–138.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >10\u003c/sup> “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/nanotechnology/lead-free-piezoelectric-ceramics-market-report.html\" target=\"_blank\">Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics: Technologies and global opportunities\u003c/a>,” BCC Research, April 2022, Report Number NAN063B.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >11\u003c/sup> Messing, G.,L., Trolier-McKinstry, S., Sabolsky, E.M., Duran, C., Kwon, S., Brahmaroutu, B., Park, P., Yılmaz, H., Rehrig, P.W., Eitel, K.B., Suvacı, E., Seabaugh, M., Oh, K.S., “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408430490490905\" target=\"_blank\">Templated grain growth of textured piezoelectric ceramics\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences\u003c/em> 2004, 29(2): 45–96.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >12\u003c/sup> Wu, J., Xiao, D., Zhu, J., “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5006809\" target=\"_blank\">Potassium sodium niobate lead-free piezoelectric materials: Past, present, and future of phase boundaries\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Chem Rev.\u003c/em> 2015, 115.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >13\u003c/sup> Wu, J., “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-10-8998-5\" target=\"_blank\">Advances in lead-free piezoelectric materials\u003c/a>,” Springer, 2018.\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","actions":["eGr3sUVZiCP"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"eKI_SYccNwJ","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Entekno - References 1A","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"eWnHSzj5c5G"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Entekno - References 1A","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"eWnHSzj5c5G"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Entekno - References 2A","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"ew-pK1upyDC"}}],"children":[]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"emkI5KXH98Z","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >1\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://onscale.com/piezoelectricity/history-of-piezoelectricity\">A history of the piezoelectric effect,\u003c/a>” OnScale. Accessed 15 Aug. 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >2\u003c/sup> Rödel, J., Webber, K.G., Dittmer, R., Jo, W., Kimura,M., Damjanovic, D., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.12.013\">Transferring lead free piezoelectric ceramics into application\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >J.Eur.Ceram.Soc.\u003c/em> 2015, 35.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >3\u003c/sup> Huo, D., Chen, W., Sun, Y., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hybrid_Machining/y-JgDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA77&printsec=frontcover\">Chapter 4: Vibration assisted milling\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Hybrid Machining\u003c/em> 2018, 77–109.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >4\u003c/sup> Sun, E., Cao, W., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2014.03.006\">Relaxor based ferroelectric single crystals: growth, domain engineering, characterization and applications\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Prog. Mater.Sci.\u003c/em> 2015.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >5\u003c/sup> Park, S.E.E., Hackenberger, W., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0286(02)00023-2\">High performance single crystal piezoelectrics: application and issues,\u003c/a>” \u003cem >Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science\u003c/em> 2002, 6.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >6\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.rohsguide.com/rohs-faq.htm\">RoHS compliance FAQ\u003c/a>,” RoHS Guide. Last updated 15 Aug. 2023. Accessed 15 Aug. 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >7\u003c/sup> Jaeger, R.E., Egerton, L., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1962.tb11127.x\">Hot pressing of potassium–sodium niobates\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >J. Am. Ceram. Soc.\u003c/em> 1962, 45(5).\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","actions":["eKI_SYccNwJ"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"eKgnUsAHmBZ","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES 8–13: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eGQNuIC5QjR","type":"frame","cl":"frame"},{"key":"eWVEKs8aU8g","content":{"shapeId":"c8A88ZvqBp"},"type":"shape","cl":"shape"},{"key":"e32H3dc7KU2","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES 1–7: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"enHnw2I46e4","content":{"src":{"key":"jR5XQD4u0r","url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/jR5XQD4u0r.svg","ratio":null}},"type":"image","cl":"image"},{"key":"eMAWywoGQEK","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":1,"value":[448,512,"M432 32a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v80a16 16 0 0 1-16 16h-16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V96H256v336h48a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v16a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H144a16 16 0 0 1-16-16v-16a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h48V96H48v32a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V48a16 16 0 0 1 16-16z"]},"name":"CGM-Nano-Pinned-References1","page":"-k2dioA7EV","pageName":"ACerS June-July 2023","key":"efou27BgBvZ"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":1,"value":[448,512,"M432 32a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v80a16 16 0 0 1-16 16h-16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V96H256v336h48a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v16a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H144a16 16 0 0 1-16-16v-16a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h48V96H48v32a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V48a16 16 0 0 1 16-16z"]},"name":"CGM-Nano-Pinned-References1","page":"-k2dioA7EV","pageName":"ACerS June-July 2023","key":"efou27BgBvZ"}}]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"ey25_xZUzeL","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >1\u003c/sup> “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate\" target=\"_blank\">Climate change indicators\u003c/a>,” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Last updated 1 Aug. 2022. Accessed 20 April 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >2\u003c/sup> “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/net-zero-coalition\" target=\"_blank\">For a livable climate: Net-zero commitments must be backed by credible action\u003c/a>,” The United Nations. Accessed 20 April 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >3\u003c/sup> “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.unisdr.org/files/53213_bbb.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Build Back Better in recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction (consultative version)\u003c/a>,” United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2017). Accessed 20 April 2023.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","actions":["eMAWywoGQEK"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"e4hBroZ0DK9","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Cover Feature Marketplace - Pinned - References 1","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"eXIc7eAR2cW"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Cover Feature Marketplace - Pinned - References 1","page":"RgoxFFAZbq","pageName":"ACerS October-November 2023","key":"eXIc7eAR2cW"}}],"children":[]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"epnppnfrFrP","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >a\u003c/sup> “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/summaries/#economy\" target=\"_blank\">Germany—country summary\u003c/a>,” CIA World Factbook.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >b\u003c/sup> “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/07/14/pr23264-germany-imf-executive-board-concludes-2023-article-iv-consultation-with-germany\" target=\"_blank\">IMF Executive Board concludes 2023 Article IV consultation with Germany\u003c/a>,” International Monetary Fund. Published 17 July 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >c\u003c/sup> “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.trade.gov/germany-country-commercial-guide\" target=\"_blank\">Germany country commercial guide\u003c/a>,” International Trade Administration.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >d\u003c/sup> \u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.amcham.de\" target=\"_blank\">American Chamber of Commerce in Germany\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >e\u003c/sup> \u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.gabcwashington.com\" target=\"_blank\">German American Business Council\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","actions":["e4hBroZ0DK9"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"efou27BgBvZ","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eXIc7eAR2cW","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eJkraG0Bstm","content":{"debug":false},"type":"wl9gVIiyFe","icons":{"close":[448,512,"M400 32H48C21.5 32 0 53.5 0 80v352c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h352c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V80c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48zm16 400c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16H48c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16V80c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16h352c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16v352zm-97.2-245.3L249.5 256l69.3 69.3c4.7 4.7 4.7 12.3 0 17l-8.5 8.5c-4.7 4.7-12.3 4.7-17 0L224 281.5l-69.3 69.3c-4.7 4.7-12.3 4.7-17 0l-8.5-8.5c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17l69.3-69.3-69.3-69.3c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17l8.5-8.5c4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0l69.3 69.3 69.3-69.3c4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0l8.5 8.5c4.6 4.7 4.6 12.3 0 17z"]},"cl":"wl9gVIiyFe"},{"key":"eA0z4u2HuSQ","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Letter to Editor - References 1","page":"Z8XAYS8WeM","pageName":"ACerS September 2023","key":"eFUSBDgHKdj"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"Letter to Editor - References 1","page":"Z8XAYS8WeM","pageName":"ACerS September 2023","key":"eFUSBDgHKdj"}}]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"e6QRWTaeAhf","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >1\u003c/sup> Rödel, J. “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://bulletin-archive.ceramics.org/2022-09/5\" target=\"_blank\">On sustainability … A grain of humility\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >ACerS Bulletin\u003c/em> 2022, 101(7): 3.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >2\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/circular-economy-action-plan_en\">Circular economy action plan\u003c/a>,” European Commission, March 2020. Accessed 13 July 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >3\u003c/sup> Klöpffer, W. and Grahl, B., 2014. \u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Life+Cycle+Assessment+%28LCA%29%3A+A+Guide+to+Best+Practice-p-9783527655649\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem >Life cycle assessment (LCA): a guide to best practice\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem >.\u003c/em> John Wiley & Sons.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >4\u003c/sup> Klemenz, S., Stegmüller, A., Yoon, S., Felser, C., Tüysüz, H., and Weidenkaff, A. “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/anie.202105324\" target=\"_blank\">Holistic view on materials development: Water electrolysis as a case study\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Angewandte Chemie International Edition\u003c/em> 2021, 60(37): 20094–20100.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >5\u003c/sup> Johanning, M., Widenmeyer, M., Cano, G.E., et al. “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/gc/d3gc00391d\" target=\"_blank\">Recycling process development with integrated life cycle assessment: A case study on oxygen transport membrane material\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Green Chemistry\u003c/em> 2023, 25: 4735–4749.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >6\u003c/sup> Zampori, L, and Pant, R. “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/permalink/PEF_method.pdf\">Suggestions for updating the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) method\u003c/a>,” Joint Research Center of the European Union, 2019. Accessed 13 July 2023.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","actions":["eA0z4u2HuSQ"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"eFUSBDgHKdj","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eZXclCzR9-z","content":{"debug":false},"type":"wl9gVIiyFe","icons":{"close":[448,512,"M400 32H48C21.5 32 0 53.5 0 80v352c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h352c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V80c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48zm16 400c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16H48c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16V80c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16h352c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16v352zm-97.2-245.3L249.5 256l69.3 69.3c4.7 4.7 4.7 12.3 0 17l-8.5 8.5c-4.7 4.7-12.3 4.7-17 0L224 281.5l-69.3 69.3c-4.7 4.7-12.3 4.7-17 0l-8.5-8.5c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17l69.3-69.3-69.3-69.3c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17l8.5-8.5c4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0l69.3 69.3 69.3-69.3c4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0l8.5 8.5c4.6 4.7 4.6 12.3 0 17z"]},"cl":"wl9gVIiyFe"},{"key":"eizw3zXmLQf","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"ChileB - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"eL9ffHlktUW"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"ChileB - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"eL9ffHlktUW"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"ChileA - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"esHcm94Kk6N"}},{"trigger":""}]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"eAdKMNvWJAe","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >6\u003c/sup> Cambero, F. “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/chile-mine-delays-slow-copper-growth-peak-seen-lower-later-regulator-2023-01-25\">Exclusive: Chile mine delays to slow copper growth; peak seen lower, later -regulator\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Reuters,\u003c/em> 25 Jan. 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >7\u003c/sup> Attwood, J. and Fuentes, V. “T\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-16/the-green-energy-transition-has-a-chilean-copper-problem\">he green energy transition has a Chilean copper problem\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Bloomberg, \u003c/em>16 May 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >8\u003c/sup> Mihalasky, M.J. et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9RLUH4F\">Lithium occurrences and processing facilities of Argentina, and salars of the Lithium Triangle, Central South America\u003c/a>,” U.S. Geological Survey, 2020.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >9\u003c/sup> Cambero, F. “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/chiles-lithium-takeover-plan-faces-technical-political-challenges-2023-04-28\" target=\"_blank\">Chile’s lithium takeover plan faces technical, political challenges\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Reuters,\u003c/em> 28 April 2023.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","actions":["eizw3zXmLQf"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"ekA3HivNfnJ","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"ChileA - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"esHcm94Kk6N"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"ChileA - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"esHcm94Kk6N"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"ChileB - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"eL9ffHlktUW"}}]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"eEA65kfv5qr","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >1\u003c/sup> “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions/executive-summary\" target=\"_blank\">The role of critical minerals in clean energy transitions: Executive summary\u003c/a>,” International Energy Agency. Published May 2021.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >2\u003c/sup> “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/chile-mining\" target=\"_blank\">Chile–Country Commercial Guide: Mining\u003c/a>,” International Trade Administration. Last updated 30 Sept. 2022. Accessed 22 May 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >3\u003c/sup> “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/publications/mineral-commodity-summaries-2023\" target=\"_blank\">Mineral commodity summaries 2023\u003c/a>,” United States Geological Survey. Published 31 Jan. 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >4\u003c/sup> Attwood, J. “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-31/chile-copper-output-at-six-year-low-underscores-market-tightness\" target=\"_blank\">Giant Chile mines are struggling just as world needs more copper\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Bloomberg, \u003c/em>31 March 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >5\u003c/sup> Bartlett, J. “‘\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/01/chiles-water-crisis-megadrought-reaching-breaking-point\" target=\"_blank\">Consequences will be dire’: Chile’s water crisis is reaching breaking point\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >The Guardian,\u003c/em> 1 June 2022.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","actions":["ekA3HivNfnJ"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"eL9ffHlktUW","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES 6-9: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"esHcm94Kk6N","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES 1-5: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eh2pu9QnOOt","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"LithiumC - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"eIKNL5KUUeb"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"LithiumC - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"eIKNL5KUUeb"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"LithiumA - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"ezTBvk2XEUZ"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"LithiumB - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"ek1c7He13Qd"}}]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"ekbOZdAUpYj","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >15\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://emili.imerys.com/en\">EMILI: Beauvoir Lithium Mining Project\u003c/a>,” Imerys. Accessed 21 June 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >16\u003c/sup> E. De Guire, “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://ceramics.org/wp-content/bulletin/2023/pdf/March2023.pdf#page=26\">Imerys: Unlocking the sustainable potential of minerals\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >ACerS Bulletin\u003c/em> 2023, 102(3):24–26.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >17\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.riotinto.com/en/operations/projects/rincon\">Rincon Lithium Project\u003c/a>,” Rio Tinto. Accessed 21 June 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >18\u003c/sup> “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.riotinto.com/en/news/releases/2022/ford-rio-tinto-sign-mou-for-battery-and-low-carbon-materials-supply-to-support-net-zero-future\" target=\"_blank\">Rio Tinto and Ford sign MOU for battery and low carbon materials supply to support net-zero future\u003c/a>,” Rio Tinto, 21 July 2022. Accessed 21 June 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >19\u003c/sup> C. Denina and W. Roelf, “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/africa-gears-up-keep-more-profits-lithium-boom-2023-02-09\">Africa gears up to keep more of the profits from lithium boom\u003c/a>,” Reuters. Published 9 Feb. 2023. Accessed 21 June 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >20\u003c/sup> J. Lowry, “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5efa5cfea2338111ff757ac7/t/610eec4da48b5e580e71eca2/1628367949992/Lithium+Myths+2021.pdf\">Greatest lithium market myths (updated for 2021)\u003c/a>,” Global Lithium LLC. Accessed 21 June 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >21\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/li-ion-battery-supply-chain-database.html\">NAATBatt Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Database\u003c/a>,” National Renewable Research Laboratory. Updated December 2022. Accessed 21 June 2023.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","actions":["eh2pu9QnOOt"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"ebLDZKdDy04","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"LithiumB - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"ek1c7He13Qd"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"LithiumB - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"ek1c7He13Qd"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"LithiumA - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"ezTBvk2XEUZ"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"LithiumC - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"eIKNL5KUUeb"}}]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"e0tbj8UxYkj","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >8\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://nvlithium.com/bonnie-clair-project\">Bonnie Claire Project\u003c/a>,” Nevada Lithium.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >9\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.riotinto.com/news/releases/2021/Rio-Tinto-achieves-battery-grade-lithium-production-at-Boron-plant\">Rio Tinto achieves battery grade lithium production at Boron plant\u003c/a>,” Rio Tinto, 7 April 2021. Accessed 21 June 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >10\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.riotinto.com/fr-ca/can/news/releases/2022/rio-tinto-starts-demonstration-plant-for-lithium-concentration-in-quebec\">Rio Tinto starts demonstration plant for lithium concentration in Quebec\u003c/a>,” Rio Tinto, 29 Sept. 2022. Accessed 21 June 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >11\u003c/sup> S. Paz (chair), R. E. Kelley (vice chair), et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.energy.ca.gov/news/2022-12/blue-ribbon-commission-lithium-extraction-california-submits-final-report-state\">Report of the Blue Ribbon Commission on lithium extraction in California\u003c/a>,” California Energy Commission, 2022, Publication number: CEC-300-2022-009-D.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >12\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.ameslab.gov/news/ornl-develops-sorbent-to-recover-lithium-from-geothermal-brines\">ORNL develops sorbent to recover lithium from geothermal brines\u003c/a>,” Ames National Laboratory. Published 21 Jan. 2020. Accessed 21 June 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >13\u003c/sup> “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.chemengonline.com/lithium-extraction-prime-time-for-brine\" target=\"_blank\">Lithium extraction: Prime time for brine\u003c/a>,” Chemical Engineering. Updated 1 June 2023. Accessed 21 June 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >14\u003c/sup> K. Cough, “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://themainemonitor.org/lithium-deposit-in-newry-will-fall-under-2017-mining-law\" target=\"_blank\">State complicates Newry couple’s hopes to mine lithium on their property\u003c/a>,” The Maine Monitor. Published 22 July 2022. Accessed 21 June 2023.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","actions":["ebLDZKdDy04"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"eZ1Wmf74KSY","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"LithiumA - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"ezTBvk2XEUZ"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"LithiumA - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"ezTBvk2XEUZ"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"LithiumB - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"ek1c7He13Qd"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"LithiumC - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"eIKNL5KUUeb"}}]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"eaYxQn3ZCRC","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >1\u003c/sup> International Energy Agency, “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.iea.org/policies?topic[]=Critical+Minerals\">Policies database: Critical minerals\u003c/a>.” Accessed 21 June 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >2\u003c/sup> “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2023\" target=\"_blank\">Mineral commodity summaries 2023\u003c/a>,” U.S. Geological Survey, p. 210.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >3\u003c/sup> M. Mann, V. Putsche, B. Shrager, “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-02/Energy%20Storage%20Supply%20Chain%20Report%20-%20final.pdf\">Grid energy storage: Supply chain deep dive assessment\u003c/a>,” U.S. Department of Energy. Published 24 Feb. 2022. Accessed 21 June 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >4\u003c/sup> A. Mukherjee, “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/fuel-cell-and-battery-technologies/battery-e-waste-recycling-market.html\">Battery and other e-waste recycling\u003c/a>,” BCC Research, August 2020, Code: FCB051A.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >5\u003c/sup> L.V. Garcia, Y. C. Ho, M. M. Myo Thant, D. S. Han, J. W. Lim, “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11020418\">Lithium in a sustainable circular economy: A comprehensive review\u003c/a>,” Processes 2023, 11(2):418.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >6\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.lithiumamericas.com/usa/thacker-pass\">Thacker Pass\u003c/a>,” Lithium Americas.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >7\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://investor.gm.com/news-releases/news-release-details/gm-and-lithium-americas-develop-us-sourced-lithium-production\">GM and Lithium Americas to develop U.S.-sourced lithium production through $650 million equity investment and supply agreement\u003c/a>,” General Motors Co., 31 Jan. 2023. Accessed 21 June 2023.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","actions":["eZ1Wmf74KSY"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"eIKNL5KUUeb","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES 15-21: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"ek1c7He13Qd","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES 8-14: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"ezTBvk2XEUZ","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES 1-7: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"e4gF60ovM8i","content":{"shapeId":"a8QxIHdLSX"},"type":"shape","cl":"shape"},{"key":"efR81jsMfOR","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"USGS - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"e7rhPhH-phf"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/5YlQ6CapVRbr7RUqaPTH7gT1clH2/le-layer-icon-text.svg"}},"name":"USGS - References 1","page":"K3K-RUNS7C","pageName":"ACerS August 2023","key":"e7rhPhH-phf"}}]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"eUwGx-ihyAJ","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >1\u003c/sup> \u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2023\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem >Mineral Commodity Summaries 2023\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va., 2023.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >2\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/02/24/2022-04027/2022-final-list-of-critical-minerals\">2022 Final List of Critical Minerals\u003c/a>,” a notice by the U.S. Geological Survey. 24 Feb. 2022. \u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >3\u003c/sup> J.R. Biden Jr., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/02/24/executive-order-on-americas-supply-chains\">Executive order on America’s supply chains\u003c/a>,” The White House, 24 Feb. 2021.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >4\u003c/sup> J.R. Biden Jr., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2022/03/31/memorandum-on-presidential-determination-pursuant-to-section-303-of-the-defense-production-act-of-1950-as-amended\">Memorandum on presidential determination pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended\u003c/a>,” The White House, 31 March 2022.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >5\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-awards-28-billion-supercharge-us-manufacturing-batteries\">Biden-Harris Administration awards $2.8 billion to supercharge U.S. manufacturing of batteries for electric vehicles and electric grid\u003c/a>,” Department of Energy, 19 Oct. 2022.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >6\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://democrats-science.house.gov/chipsandscienceact\">CHIPS and Science Act\u003c/a>,” U.S. House of Representatives.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >7\u003c/sup> “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.democrats.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/inflation_reduction_act_one_page_summary.pdf\">Summary: The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022\u003c/a>,” U.S. Senate.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","actions":["efR81jsMfOR"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"e9ZmCFUOI6l","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":1,"value":[448,512,"M432 32a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v80a16 16 0 0 1-16 16h-16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V96H256v336h48a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v16a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H144a16 16 0 0 1-16-16v-16a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h48V96H48v32a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V48a16 16 0 0 1 16-16z"]},"name":"Sinton-Pinned-ReferencesA 8-14","page":"dda52WCRho","pageName":"ACerS May 2023","key":"efb642GemVn"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":1,"value":[448,512,"M432 32a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v80a16 16 0 0 1-16 16h-16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V96H256v336h48a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v16a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H144a16 16 0 0 1-16-16v-16a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h48V96H48v32a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V48a16 16 0 0 1 16-16z"]},"name":"Sinton-Pinned-ReferencesA 8-14","page":"dda52WCRho","pageName":"ACerS May 2023","key":"efb642GemVn"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":1,"value":[448,512,"M432 32a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v80a16 16 0 0 1-16 16h-16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V96H256v336h48a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v16a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H144a16 16 0 0 1-16-16v-16a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h48V96H48v32a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V48a16 16 0 0 1 16-16z"]},"name":"Sinton-Pinned-ReferencesA 1-7","page":"dda52WCRho","pageName":"ACerS May 2023","key":"eTWr8HkI7M7"}}]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"ecBWkh3nnh0","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >6\u003c/sup> R.L. McGreevy, “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/13/46/201\">Reverse Monte Carlo modeling\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >J. Phys. Condens. Matter\u003c/em> 2001, 13:R877–R913.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >7\u003c/sup> Q. Zhou, T. Du, L. Guo, M.M. Smedskjaer, M. Bauchy, “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2020.120006\">New insights into the structure of sodium silicate glasses by force-enhanced atomic refinement\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >J. Non-Cryst. Solids\u003c/em> 2020, 536:120006.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >8\u003c/sup> A. Pandey, P. Biswas, D.A. Drabold, “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.92.155205\">Force-enhanced atomic refinement: Structural modeling with interatomic forces in a reverse Monte Carlo approach applied to amorphous Si and SiO\u003csub >2\u003c/sub>\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Phys. Rev. B.\u003c/em> 2015, 92:155205.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >9\u003c/sup> Q. Zhou, Y. Shi, B. Deng, et al., “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2021.121138\">Revealing the medium-range structure of glassy silica using force-enhanced atomic refinement\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >J. Non-Cryst. Solids\u003c/em> 2021, 573:121138.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","actions":["e9ZmCFUOI6l"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"eYIjPuah5ay","content":{"showTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":1,"value":[448,512,"M432 32a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v80a16 16 0 0 1-16 16h-16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V96H256v336h48a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v16a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H144a16 16 0 0 1-16-16v-16a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h48V96H48v32a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V48a16 16 0 0 1 16-16z"]},"name":"Sinton-Pinned-ReferencesA 1-7","page":"dda52WCRho","pageName":"ACerS May 2023","key":"eTWr8HkI7M7"}}],"hideTriggers":[{"trigger":{"image":{"type":1,"value":[448,512,"M432 32a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v80a16 16 0 0 1-16 16h-16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V96H256v336h48a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v16a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H144a16 16 0 0 1-16-16v-16a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h48V96H48v32a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V48a16 16 0 0 1 16-16z"]},"name":"Sinton-Pinned-ReferencesA 1-7","page":"dda52WCRho","pageName":"ACerS May 2023","key":"eTWr8HkI7M7"}},{"trigger":{"image":{"type":1,"value":[448,512,"M432 32a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v80a16 16 0 0 1-16 16h-16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V96H256v336h48a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v16a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H144a16 16 0 0 1-16-16v-16a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h48V96H48v32a16 16 0 0 1-16 16H16a16 16 0 0 1-16-16V48a16 16 0 0 1 16-16z"]},"name":"Sinton-Pinned-ReferencesA 8-14","page":"dda52WCRho","pageName":"ACerS May 2023","key":"efb642GemVn"}}]},"type":"w3KGW2DkF2","cl":"w3KGW2DkF2"},{"key":"eWp34houioR","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >References\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003csup >1\u003c/sup> J.C. Mauro, “\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2017.09.001\">Decoding the glass genome\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci.\u003c/em> 2018, 22:58–64.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >2\u003c/sup> M. Bauchy, “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2018.12.004\" target=\"_blank\">Deciphering the atomic genome of glasses by topological constraint theory and molecular dynamics: A review\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Comput. Mater. Sci.\u003c/em> 2019, 159:95–102.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >3\u003c/sup> Q. Zhou, Y. Shi, B. Deng, J. Neuefeind, M. Bauchy, “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh1761\" target=\"_blank\">Experimental method to quantify the ring size distribution in silicate glasses and simulation validation thereof\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Sci. Adv.\u003c/em> 2021, 7:eabh1761.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >4\u003c/sup> J. Du, “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-15675-0_7\" target=\"_blank\">Challenges in molecular dynamics simulations of multicomponent oxide glasses\u003c/a>,” in: C. Massobrio, J. Du, M. Bernasconi, P.S. Salmon (Eds.), \u003cem >Mol. Dyn. Simul. Disord. Mater. Netw. Glas. Phase-Change Mem. Alloys, \u003c/em>Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2015: pp. 157–180.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003csup >5\u003c/sup> H. Liu, Z. Zhao, Q. Zhou, R. Chen, K. Yang, Z. Wang, L. Tang, M. Bauchy, “\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.116\" target=\"_blank\">Challenges and opportunities in atomistic simulations of glasses: a review\u003c/a>,” \u003cem >Comptes Rendus Géoscience\u003c/em> 2022, 354:1–43.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","actions":["eYIjPuah5ay"],"cl":"text p6PSNHIXcvt"},{"key":"efb642GemVn","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES 6-9: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"e7rhPhH-phf","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"eTWr8HkI7M7","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >REFERENCES 1-5: SHOW/HIDE\u003c/h3>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p7kSYVo0iAY"},{"key":"ehnF-AtM20j","type":"section","cl":"section"},{"key":"ePP8he1ooKr","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >MARCH 2024 • VOL. 103, NO. 2\u003c/h4>\u003cp >\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.ceramics.org/\">www.ceramics.org\u003c/a>\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text pJqhWQuqgTN"},{"key":"eVqUkTjVR5-","content":{"src":{"key":"sFQOLEHnRr","url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/sFQOLEHnRr.svg","ratio":null}},"type":"image","cl":"image"},{"key":"e7A9m3F1Ito","type":"section","children":["ePP8he1ooKr","eVqUkTjVR5-"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"fixed","visibility":{"eUwGx-ihyAJ":{"p-PMd5BSr00":true},"eEA65kfv5qr":{"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pm1SucDywzH":true},"ef2A64oz2GW":{"pOOgvvbwWb1":true},"e32H3dc7KU2":{"pjHQazRQW8K":true},"e26sT_vgZiV":{"pW8jpC1RaBP":true,"p_ruOoLkaJd":true,"pwR6p6p7o3a":true,"pKQS8Bvi3hR":true,"pGGwpuUatFt":true,"pfhiHh9Jh3q":true,"p7NL5sfuf3g":true,"pav1Hae970L":true,"pwaZJKR-g0j":true,"pOVpfC-0JbF":true,"ptdisdnRmcw":true,"pSuCqNsoPV7":true,"pCJxJzxenCD":true,"p0UBEy6xR6-":true,"pl84ZzQYbdm":true,"pCx96uUfoLg":true,"pA2KvuXPgfP":true,"pG0nHJuZ__w":true,"pdcc8g6VTIl":true,"piSiBV_GVN4":true,"pTbFJr0Vggb":true,"pepAbJUsoRb":true,"pYqWJWvGSc4":true,"pRtEI9-owEz":true,"p48oksnh0TD":true,"p3rSIKOyXi3":true,"p2CAewWYXWx":true,"phX7rb6TgHB":true,"puPSjBrymhF":true,"pYm0lQx6VYf":true,"pSXUxoDRYIk":true,"pJgbjTucoTk":true,"pSsMU877YuK":true,"pT8hID5EBfR":true,"pOOgvvbwWb1":true,"pyAjbxShbAm":true,"p4Mg8I-nSX3":true,"ppFnkG9CSKY":true,"pJK7Gvc6pKi":true},"e_SIyUt6zfX":{"pCx96uUfoLg":true,"pG0nHJuZ__w":true},"epnppnfrFrP":{"pqbC6Gb1dxu":true},"e2YBa3B0Dp1":true,"ey25_xZUzeL":{"pz6sIINF1jm":true},"ejXfH0XIXPP":{"p-yTYS6NPd_":true},"enCCFH2GoGv":{"pCJxJzxenCD":true,"pYm0lQx6VYf":true,"pOOgvvbwWb1":true},"e9vqgA_WcVR":{"pOOgvvbwWb1":true,"pG0nHJuZ__w":true},"e6T3MPLMFW8":true,"e7A9m3F1Ito":{"pW8jpC1RaBP":"footer","p_ruOoLkaJd":"footer","pwR6p6p7o3a":"footer","pKQS8Bvi3hR":"footer","pGGwpuUatFt":"footer","p7NL5sfuf3g":"footer","pav1Hae970L":"footer","pwaZJKR-g0j":"footer","pOVpfC-0JbF":"footer","ptdisdnRmcw":"footer","pSuCqNsoPV7":"footer","pCJxJzxenCD":"footer","p0UBEy6xR6-":"footer","pl84ZzQYbdm":"footer","pCx96uUfoLg":"footer","pA2KvuXPgfP":"footer","pG0nHJuZ__w":"footer","pdcc8g6VTIl":"footer","pTbFJr0Vggb":"footer","pepAbJUsoRb":"footer","pYqWJWvGSc4":"footer","pRtEI9-owEz":"footer","p48oksnh0TD":"footer","p3rSIKOyXi3":"footer","p2CAewWYXWx":"footer","phX7rb6TgHB":"footer","puPSjBrymhF":"footer","pYm0lQx6VYf":"footer","pSXUxoDRYIk":"footer","pJgbjTucoTk":"footer","pSsMU877YuK":"footer","pT8hID5EBfR":"footer","pOOgvvbwWb1":"footer","pyAjbxShbAm":"footer","p4Mg8I-nSX3":"footer","ppFnkG9CSKY":"footer","pJK7Gvc6pKi":"footer"},"eZXclCzR9-z":{"pjHQazRQW8K":true},"ehnF-AtM20j":{"pW8jpC1RaBP":"footer","p_ruOoLkaJd":"footer","pwR6p6p7o3a":"footer","pKQS8Bvi3hR":"footer","pGGwpuUatFt":"footer","p7NL5sfuf3g":"footer","pwaZJKR-g0j":"footer","pOVpfC-0JbF":"footer","ptdisdnRmcw":"footer","pSuCqNsoPV7":"footer","pCJxJzxenCD":"footer","p0UBEy6xR6-":"footer","pl84ZzQYbdm":"footer","pCx96uUfoLg":"footer","pA2KvuXPgfP":"footer","pG0nHJuZ__w":"footer","pdcc8g6VTIl":"footer","pTbFJr0Vggb":"footer","pepAbJUsoRb":"footer","pYqWJWvGSc4":"footer","pRtEI9-owEz":"footer","p3rSIKOyXi3":"footer","p2CAewWYXWx":"footer","phX7rb6TgHB":"footer","puPSjBrymhF":"footer","pYm0lQx6VYf":"footer","pSXUxoDRYIk":"footer","pJgbjTucoTk":"footer","pSsMU877YuK":"footer","pT8hID5EBfR":"footer","pOOgvvbwWb1":"footer","pyAjbxShbAm":"footer","ppFnkG9CSKY":"footer","pJK7Gvc6pKi":"footer"},"e4lbBGbio-2":{"p_4FoyCk6C7":true,"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pMJj94yl0De":true,"puTHSKdYvj1":true,"pKQS8Bvi3hR":true,"pZyOtdbWkMd":true,"pQyimDwerJT":true,"pERevk_f6Kc":true,"pahOD7NhGtj":true,"pNfNkDLYohB":true,"pCPy5HiT5y5":true,"pMrJTB6uRHb":true,"pajDyO_jTT4":true,"p-yTYS6NPd_":true,"pCjo1ZqG5Xz":true,"p5_Fw0TTLi3":true,"piSiBV_GVN4":true,"p1blQrOBtVi":true,"pAn23m0dPyp":true,"pVpwbzrVIzl":true,"p48oksnh0TD":true,"p4pgiF2EyVr":true,"p3rSIKOyXi3":true,"pv-r8ydrzxn":true,"pSXUxoDRYIk":true,"pSsMU877YuK":true,"putRnZ1BGpU":true,"p5jbHOgmNZ7":true,"pQjkCFsnTb0":true,"pgkv_YDn8ZA":true,"pHTW_04sjNp":true,"pt_HzZTo9CD":true,"pz6sIINF1jm":true,"pyAjbxShbAm":true,"p4Mg8I-nSX3":true},"ekv67jrjnba":{"p56xtbCSVeY":true,"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pKQS8Bvi3hR":true,"pHGPxUsN2df":true,"pjHQazRQW8K":true,"pfhiHh9Jh3q":true,"pzuaEbCNH7Z":true,"pqbC6Gb1dxu":true,"pERevk_f6Kc":true,"pwRLCW4preL":true,"pkhgP2U8uH5":true,"pMrJTB6uRHb":true,"pCjo1ZqG5Xz":true,"p5_Fw0TTLi3":true,"p9hqHH_UG-s":true,"pgJ3Dy3R0w0":true,"piSiBV_GVN4":true,"pcEs4jm_dZg":true,"p48oksnh0TD":true,"pPSq3XuWYr2":true,"p3rSIKOyXi3":true,"p4pgiF2EyVr":true,"pOre31C7Gu2":true,"pq6crEjHsHk":true,"pSXUxoDRYIk":true,"phS_D8mZcUG":true,"pSsMU877YuK":true,"putRnZ1BGpU":true,"pt_HzZTo9CD":true,"pz6sIINF1jm":true,"p4Mg8I-nSX3":true,"pyAjbxShbAm":true},"eWp34houioR":{"puTHSKdYvj1":true},"eJkraG0Bstm":{"pCjo1ZqG5Xz":true},"e6QRWTaeAhf":{"pOre31C7Gu2":true},"eha58C6sDDi":{"pRtEI9-owEz":true,"pOOgvvbwWb1":true},"epDmACzosus":{"pfhiHh9Jh3q":true},"eO2cPn4iC4R":{"pOOgvvbwWb1":true,"pG0nHJuZ__w":true},"eCbejysj3Fb":{"pjHQazRQW8K":true,"pCx96uUfoLg":true},"eaYxQn3ZCRC":{"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pCjo1ZqG5Xz":true},"eAdKMNvWJAe":{"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pm1SucDywzH":true},"ew-pK1upyDC":{"pz6sIINF1jm":true},"eKgnUsAHmBZ":{"pjHQazRQW8K":true},"eIKNL5KUUeb":{"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pCjo1ZqG5Xz":true},"ecfAxCj0ErV":{"pCx96uUfoLg":true},"eXIc7eAR2cW":{"pqbC6Gb1dxu":true},"efou27BgBvZ":{"pz6sIINF1jm":true},"etHwZyOHvC9":{"p-yTYS6NPd_":true},"edeG9rgKK1c":{"pjHQazRQW8K":true},"eWnHSzj5c5G":{"pz6sIINF1jm":true},"efb642GemVn":{"puTHSKdYvj1":true},"eaSgdlwRuBo":{"p_4FoyCk6C7":true,"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pKQS8Bvi3hR":true,"pjHQazRQW8K":true,"pfhiHh9Jh3q":true,"pZyOtdbWkMd":true,"pzuaEbCNH7Z":true,"pQyimDwerJT":true,"pqbC6Gb1dxu":true,"pERevk_f6Kc":true,"pahOD7NhGtj":true,"pNfNkDLYohB":true,"pwRLCW4preL":true,"pMrJTB6uRHb":true,"pajDyO_jTT4":true,"p5_Fw0TTLi3":true,"pCjo1ZqG5Xz":true,"p1blQrOBtVi":true,"piSiBV_GVN4":true,"pAn23m0dPyp":true,"pVpwbzrVIzl":true,"p48oksnh0TD":true,"pq2lv5YlZHR":true,"p3rSIKOyXi3":true,"p4pgiF2EyVr":true,"pOre31C7Gu2":true,"pv-r8ydrzxn":true,"pSXUxoDRYIk":true,"phS_D8mZcUG":true,"pSsMU877YuK":true,"putRnZ1BGpU":true,"p5jbHOgmNZ7":true,"pgkv_YDn8ZA":true,"pQjkCFsnTb0":true,"pHTW_04sjNp":true,"pz6sIINF1jm":true,"pt_HzZTo9CD":true,"pyAjbxShbAm":true,"p4Mg8I-nSX3":true},"ecBWkh3nnh0":{"puTHSKdYvj1":true},"e4k13qk0V7G":{"p_4FoyCk6C7":true,"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pKQS8Bvi3hR":true,"pjHQazRQW8K":true,"pfhiHh9Jh3q":true,"pZyOtdbWkMd":true,"pzuaEbCNH7Z":true,"pQyimDwerJT":true,"pqbC6Gb1dxu":true,"pERevk_f6Kc":true,"pahOD7NhGtj":true,"pNfNkDLYohB":true,"pwRLCW4preL":true,"pMrJTB6uRHb":true,"pajDyO_jTT4":true,"p5_Fw0TTLi3":true,"pCjo1ZqG5Xz":true,"p1blQrOBtVi":true,"piSiBV_GVN4":true,"pAn23m0dPyp":true,"pVpwbzrVIzl":true,"p48oksnh0TD":true,"pq2lv5YlZHR":true,"p4pgiF2EyVr":true,"p3rSIKOyXi3":true,"pOre31C7Gu2":true,"pv-r8ydrzxn":true,"pSXUxoDRYIk":true,"phS_D8mZcUG":true,"pSsMU877YuK":true,"p5jbHOgmNZ7":true,"putRnZ1BGpU":true,"pQjkCFsnTb0":true,"pgkv_YDn8ZA":true,"pHTW_04sjNp":true,"pz6sIINF1jm":true,"pt_HzZTo9CD":true,"pyAjbxShbAm":true,"p4Mg8I-nSX3":true},"enHnw2I46e4":{"pERevk_f6Kc":true,"pMJj94yl0De":true,"pMK3ueVnVVW":true,"pup0PHBDNXH":true,"pz6sIINF1jm":true,"pgZ64saP2yr":true},"eT0Wio8UhlG":{"p-yTYS6NPd_":true},"e0tbj8UxYkj":{"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pCjo1ZqG5Xz":true},"e_nacgo8lW0":{"p-yTYS6NPd_":true},"ew678R4NGJY":{"p-yTYS6NPd_":true},"ecv1wWfAwuV":{"pCJxJzxenCD":true,"pYm0lQx6VYf":true,"pOOgvvbwWb1":true},"eRso7omKdWP":{"pfhiHh9Jh3q":true},"eHM7fylNdRK":{"pW8jpC1RaBP":true,"p_ruOoLkaJd":true,"pwR6p6p7o3a":true,"pKQS8Bvi3hR":true,"pGGwpuUatFt":true,"pfhiHh9Jh3q":true,"p7NL5sfuf3g":true,"pav1Hae970L":true,"pwaZJKR-g0j":true,"pOVpfC-0JbF":true,"ptdisdnRmcw":true,"pSuCqNsoPV7":true,"pCJxJzxenCD":true,"p0UBEy6xR6-":true,"pl84ZzQYbdm":true,"pCx96uUfoLg":true,"pA2KvuXPgfP":true,"pG0nHJuZ__w":true,"pdcc8g6VTIl":true,"piSiBV_GVN4":true,"pTbFJr0Vggb":true,"pepAbJUsoRb":true,"pYqWJWvGSc4":true,"pRtEI9-owEz":true,"p48oksnh0TD":true,"p3rSIKOyXi3":true,"p2CAewWYXWx":true,"phX7rb6TgHB":true,"puPSjBrymhF":true,"pYm0lQx6VYf":true,"pSXUxoDRYIk":true,"pJgbjTucoTk":true,"pSsMU877YuK":true,"pT8hID5EBfR":true,"pOOgvvbwWb1":true,"pyAjbxShbAm":true,"p4Mg8I-nSX3":true,"ppFnkG9CSKY":true,"pJK7Gvc6pKi":true},"eV2wjPokS8Q":{"pCJxJzxenCD":true,"pYm0lQx6VYf":true,"pOOgvvbwWb1":true},"eWVEKs8aU8g":{"pERevk_f6Kc":true,"pMJj94yl0De":true,"pMK3ueVnVVW":true,"pup0PHBDNXH":true,"pz6sIINF1jm":true,"pgZ64saP2yr":true},"e4gF60ovM8i":{"pMJj94yl0De":true},"eLzwSXKWRE6":{"pW8jpC1RaBP":true,"p_ruOoLkaJd":true,"pwR6p6p7o3a":true,"pKQS8Bvi3hR":true,"pGGwpuUatFt":true,"pfhiHh9Jh3q":true,"p7NL5sfuf3g":true,"pav1Hae970L":true,"pwaZJKR-g0j":true,"pOVpfC-0JbF":true,"ptdisdnRmcw":true,"pSuCqNsoPV7":true,"pCJxJzxenCD":true,"p0UBEy6xR6-":true,"pl84ZzQYbdm":true,"pCx96uUfoLg":true,"pA2KvuXPgfP":true,"pG0nHJuZ__w":true,"pdcc8g6VTIl":true,"piSiBV_GVN4":true,"pTbFJr0Vggb":true,"pepAbJUsoRb":true,"pYqWJWvGSc4":true,"pRtEI9-owEz":true,"p48oksnh0TD":true,"p3rSIKOyXi3":true,"p2CAewWYXWx":true,"phX7rb6TgHB":true,"puPSjBrymhF":true,"pYm0lQx6VYf":true,"pSXUxoDRYIk":true,"pJgbjTucoTk":true,"pSsMU877YuK":true,"pT8hID5EBfR":true,"pOOgvvbwWb1":true,"pyAjbxShbAm":true,"p4Mg8I-nSX3":true,"ppFnkG9CSKY":true,"pJK7Gvc6pKi":true},"eGQNuIC5QjR":{"pERevk_f6Kc":true,"pMJj94yl0De":true,"pMK3ueVnVVW":true,"pup0PHBDNXH":true,"pz6sIINF1jm":true,"pgZ64saP2yr":true},"e7rhPhH-phf":{"p-PMd5BSr00":true},"eepYjymny2L":true,"eM3DjywvgkH":{"pW8jpC1RaBP":true,"p_ruOoLkaJd":true,"pwR6p6p7o3a":true,"pKQS8Bvi3hR":true,"pGGwpuUatFt":true,"pfhiHh9Jh3q":true,"p7NL5sfuf3g":true,"pav1Hae970L":true,"pwaZJKR-g0j":true,"pOVpfC-0JbF":true,"ptdisdnRmcw":true,"pSuCqNsoPV7":true,"pCJxJzxenCD":true,"p0UBEy6xR6-":true,"pl84ZzQYbdm":true,"pCx96uUfoLg":true,"pA2KvuXPgfP":true,"pG0nHJuZ__w":true,"pdcc8g6VTIl":true,"piSiBV_GVN4":true,"pTbFJr0Vggb":true,"pepAbJUsoRb":true,"pYqWJWvGSc4":true,"pRtEI9-owEz":true,"p48oksnh0TD":true,"p3rSIKOyXi3":true,"p2CAewWYXWx":true,"phX7rb6TgHB":true,"puPSjBrymhF":true,"pYm0lQx6VYf":true,"pSXUxoDRYIk":true,"pJgbjTucoTk":true,"pSsMU877YuK":true,"pT8hID5EBfR":true,"pOOgvvbwWb1":true,"pyAjbxShbAm":true,"p4Mg8I-nSX3":true,"ppFnkG9CSKY":true,"pJK7Gvc6pKi":true},"e8mgX1jXyu4":{"pW8jpC1RaBP":true,"p_ruOoLkaJd":true,"pwR6p6p7o3a":true,"pKQS8Bvi3hR":true,"pGGwpuUatFt":true,"pfhiHh9Jh3q":true,"p7NL5sfuf3g":true,"pav1Hae970L":true,"pwaZJKR-g0j":true,"pOVpfC-0JbF":true,"ptdisdnRmcw":true,"pSuCqNsoPV7":true,"pCJxJzxenCD":true,"p0UBEy6xR6-":true,"pl84ZzQYbdm":true,"pCx96uUfoLg":true,"pA2KvuXPgfP":true,"pG0nHJuZ__w":true,"pdcc8g6VTIl":true,"piSiBV_GVN4":true,"pTbFJr0Vggb":true,"pepAbJUsoRb":true,"pYqWJWvGSc4":true,"pRtEI9-owEz":true,"p48oksnh0TD":true,"p3rSIKOyXi3":true,"p2CAewWYXWx":true,"phX7rb6TgHB":true,"puPSjBrymhF":true,"pYm0lQx6VYf":true,"pSXUxoDRYIk":true,"pJgbjTucoTk":true,"pSsMU877YuK":true,"pT8hID5EBfR":true,"pOOgvvbwWb1":true,"pyAjbxShbAm":true,"p4Mg8I-nSX3":true,"ppFnkG9CSKY":true,"pJK7Gvc6pKi":true},"e5SFHGe_W7t":{"pz6sIINF1jm":true},"eAFYwwd4K4d":{"pyAjbxShbAm":true},"eFUSBDgHKdj":{"pOre31C7Gu2":true},"eo0TSZeGCc7":{"p_4FoyCk6C7":true,"pKQS8Bvi3hR":true,"pjHQazRQW8K":true,"p1dfmtcvYmg":true,"pZyOtdbWkMd":true,"pQyimDwerJT":true,"pav1Hae970L":true,"pOVpfC-0JbF":true,"pahOD7NhGtj":true,"pSuCqNsoPV7":true,"pl84ZzQYbdm":true,"pCx96uUfoLg":true,"pNfNkDLYohB":true,"pwRLCW4preL":true,"pajDyO_jTT4":true,"p5_Fw0TTLi3":true,"p9hqHH_UG-s":true,"pdcc8g6VTIl":true,"p1blQrOBtVi":true,"pTbFJr0Vggb":true,"pAn23m0dPyp":true,"pVpwbzrVIzl":true,"p48oksnh0TD":true,"pq2lv5YlZHR":true,"p4pgiF2EyVr":true,"p3rSIKOyXi3":true,"pOre31C7Gu2":true,"pv-r8ydrzxn":true,"pYm0lQx6VYf":true,"pSXUxoDRYIk":true,"pSsMU877YuK":true,"p5jbHOgmNZ7":true,"putRnZ1BGpU":true,"pQjkCFsnTb0":true,"pgkv_YDn8ZA":true,"pHTW_04sjNp":true,"pz6sIINF1jm":true,"pOOgvvbwWb1":true,"pyAjbxShbAm":true,"p4Mg8I-nSX3":true,"pJK7Gvc6pKi":true},"emfCvHGMX_r":{"pTbFJr0Vggb":true,"pKQS8Bvi3hR":true,"pwR6p6p7o3a":true,"pRtEI9-owEz":true,"p48oksnh0TD":true,"p3rSIKOyXi3":true,"pav1Hae970L":true,"pOVpfC-0JbF":true,"pSuCqNsoPV7":true,"pYm0lQx6VYf":true,"pSXUxoDRYIk":true,"pl84ZzQYbdm":true,"pSsMU877YuK":true,"pOOgvvbwWb1":true,"p4Mg8I-nSX3":true,"pyAjbxShbAm":true,"pdcc8g6VTIl":true,"pJK7Gvc6pKi":true},"e2I0HP8KzVa":{"p_ruOoLkaJd":true,"pwR6p6p7o3a":true,"pKQS8Bvi3hR":true,"pfhiHh9Jh3q":true,"pav1Hae970L":true,"pOVpfC-0JbF":true,"pV5X0MN3BOH":true,"pSuCqNsoPV7":true,"pCJxJzxenCD":true,"pQcRCBumtjo":true,"pl84ZzQYbdm":true,"pCx96uUfoLg":true,"pRmOm9-pB89":true,"pG0nHJuZ__w":true,"pdcc8g6VTIl":true,"piSiBV_GVN4":true,"pTbFJr0Vggb":true,"penY1Srg71S":true,"pJMQdTT-eIh":true,"pRtEI9-owEz":true,"p48oksnh0TD":true,"p3rSIKOyXi3":true,"pcZpU9V6hQR":true,"pxsWXzN176t":true,"pYm0lQx6VYf":true,"pSXUxoDRYIk":true,"pSsMU877YuK":true,"pOOgvvbwWb1":true,"pyAjbxShbAm":true,"p4Mg8I-nSX3":true,"pJK7Gvc6pKi":true},"ekbOZdAUpYj":{"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pCjo1ZqG5Xz":true},"e6o46G9OTP6":{"pCJxJzxenCD":true,"pCx96uUfoLg":true},"emkI5KXH98Z":{"pjHQazRQW8K":true},"esHcm94Kk6N":{"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pm1SucDywzH":true},"ek1c7He13Qd":{"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pCjo1ZqG5Xz":true},"e6cFC1V2ulh":{"pz6sIINF1jm":true},"eo2aeArz8c3":{"puTHSKdYvj1":true},"e3qGqyQCWbC":{"p_4FoyCk6C7":true,"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pKQS8Bvi3hR":true,"pjHQazRQW8K":true,"pZyOtdbWkMd":true,"pzuaEbCNH7Z":true,"pQyimDwerJT":true,"pqbC6Gb1dxu":true,"pERevk_f6Kc":true,"pahOD7NhGtj":true,"pNfNkDLYohB":true,"pwRLCW4preL":true,"pMrJTB6uRHb":true,"pajDyO_jTT4":true,"pCjo1ZqG5Xz":true,"p5_Fw0TTLi3":true,"p1blQrOBtVi":true,"piSiBV_GVN4":true,"pAn23m0dPyp":true,"pVpwbzrVIzl":true,"pq2lv5YlZHR":true,"p48oksnh0TD":true,"p3rSIKOyXi3":true,"p4pgiF2EyVr":true,"pOre31C7Gu2":true,"pv-r8ydrzxn":true,"pSXUxoDRYIk":true,"phS_D8mZcUG":true,"pSsMU877YuK":true,"p5jbHOgmNZ7":true,"putRnZ1BGpU":true,"pgkv_YDn8ZA":true,"pQjkCFsnTb0":true,"pHTW_04sjNp":true,"pt_HzZTo9CD":true,"pz6sIINF1jm":true,"pyAjbxShbAm":true,"p4Mg8I-nSX3":true},"eTWr8HkI7M7":{"puTHSKdYvj1":true},"eVDUCqDpeEH":{"pRtEI9-owEz":true,"pOOgvvbwWb1":true},"ezF9T8IMv1w":{"pCJxJzxenCD":true,"pYm0lQx6VYf":true,"pOOgvvbwWb1":true},"ezTBvk2XEUZ":{"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pCjo1ZqG5Xz":true},"eL9ffHlktUW":{"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pm1SucDywzH":true},"e7M1gra0XGR":{"pfhiHh9Jh3q":true},"es1FoTEM4Rr":{"p_4FoyCk6C7":true,"pFfG63W3n0F":true,"pKQS8Bvi3hR":true,"pjHQazRQW8K":true,"pfhiHh9Jh3q":true,"pZyOtdbWkMd":true,"pzuaEbCNH7Z":true,"pQyimDwerJT":true,"pqbC6Gb1dxu":true,"pERevk_f6Kc":true,"pahOD7NhGtj":true,"pNfNkDLYohB":true,"pwRLCW4preL":true,"pMrJTB6uRHb":true,"pajDyO_jTT4":true,"p5_Fw0TTLi3":true,"pCjo1ZqG5Xz":true,"piSiBV_GVN4":true,"p1blQrOBtVi":true,"pAn23m0dPyp":true,"pVpwbzrVIzl":true,"p48oksnh0TD":true,"pq2lv5YlZHR":true,"p4pgiF2EyVr":true,"p3rSIKOyXi3":true,"pOre31C7Gu2":true,"pv-r8ydrzxn":true,"pSXUxoDRYIk":true,"phS_D8mZcUG":true,"pSsMU877YuK":true,"putRnZ1BGpU":true,"p5jbHOgmNZ7":true,"pgkv_YDn8ZA":true,"pQjkCFsnTb0":true,"pHTW_04sjNp":true,"pz6sIINF1jm":true,"pt_HzZTo9CD":true,"p4Mg8I-nSX3":true,"pyAjbxShbAm":true},"eEDSAHM7bYy":{"p-yTYS6NPd_":true},"eLx09LvEAwR":{"pyAjbxShbAm":true},"ei6GSAjJVAF":{"pfhiHh9Jh3q":true}},"children":["eHM7fylNdRK","e8mgX1jXyu4","eLzwSXKWRE6","eM3DjywvgkH","e26sT_vgZiV","e2YBa3B0Dp1","e2I0HP8KzVa","eha58C6sDDi","eVDUCqDpeEH","ezF9T8IMv1w","enCCFH2GoGv","eV2wjPokS8Q","ecv1wWfAwuV","eAFYwwd4K4d","eLx09LvEAwR","eO2cPn4iC4R","e9vqgA_WcVR","e6o46G9OTP6","emfCvHGMX_r","e_SIyUt6zfX","eCbejysj3Fb","ecfAxCj0ErV","e6cFC1V2ulh","ew-pK1upyDC","e5SFHGe_W7t","eWnHSzj5c5G","edeG9rgKK1c","emkI5KXH98Z","eKgnUsAHmBZ","eGQNuIC5QjR","eWVEKs8aU8g","e32H3dc7KU2","enHnw2I46e4","ey25_xZUzeL","epnppnfrFrP","efou27BgBvZ","eXIc7eAR2cW","eJkraG0Bstm","e6QRWTaeAhf","eFUSBDgHKdj","eZXclCzR9-z","eAdKMNvWJAe","eEA65kfv5qr","eL9ffHlktUW","esHcm94Kk6N","ekbOZdAUpYj","e0tbj8UxYkj","eaYxQn3ZCRC","eIKNL5KUUeb","ek1c7He13Qd","ezTBvk2XEUZ","e4gF60ovM8i","eUwGx-ihyAJ","ecBWkh3nnh0","eWp34houioR","efb642GemVn","e7rhPhH-phf","eTWr8HkI7M7","ehnF-AtM20j","e7A9m3F1Ito"]}],"pages":[{"key":"p0UBEy6xR6-","title":"Classified-Bomas","desc":"Classifieds: Bomas","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-bomas"},{"key":"p2CAewWYXWx","title":"Classified-NIST","desc":"Classifieds: ACerS-NIST PHASE Diagrams","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-nist"},{"key":"p3rSIKOyXi3","title":"News","desc":"Communicating the sustainability crisis: ACerS members help lead the charge for action with new paper, alliance. Green is not for granted: Commonly perceived sustainable practices do not always bring benefits. Corporate Partners news.","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/drHRoczO2b.jpg","path":"news"},{"key":"p48oksnh0TD","title":"Departments","desc":"Research Briefs, Ceramics in Biomedicine, Research News","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/L1UaPcWi14.png","path":"departments"},{"key":"p4Mg8I-nSX3","title":"Online","desc":"Online: Noteworthy articles posted on the ACerS website.","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/eTuKpe8w9a.jpg","path":"online"},{"key":"p7NL5sfuf3g","title":"Classified-Zircar Ceramics","desc":"Classifieds: Zircar Ceramics","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-zircar-ceramics"},{"key":"pA2KvuXPgfP","title":"Classified-Orton","desc":"Classifieds: Edward Orton","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-orton"},{"key":"pCJxJzxenCD","title":"Feature-Discrete Element Modeling","desc":"A new discrete element method provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between a refractory’s microstructure and its macroscopic thermomechanical properties—paving the way to use microcrack engineering for commercial refractory production.","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/So8yy0gksw.png","path":"feature-discrete-element-modeling"},{"key":"pG0nHJuZ__w","title":"Feature-Analytical X-ray Techniques","desc":"Analytical X-ray techniques for chemical and structural characterization of ceramics are key instrumental methods for chemical and structural analysis of ceramics. This article provides a high-level overview of several analytical X-ray technologies.","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/90zzk1vLjB.png","path":"feature-analytical-x-ray-techniques"},{"key":"pGGwpuUatFt","title":"Classified-PP Technology","desc":"Classifieds: PPT Powder Processing & Technology LLC","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-pp-technology"},{"key":"pJK7Gvc6pKi","title":"Calendar","desc":"Resources: List of upcoming events, dates, and locations.","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/T6eymJKIWz.png","path":"calendar"},{"key":"pJMQdTT-eIh","title":"Ad-Harrop","desc":"Advertisement: Harrop","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/ZIR6He9OK_.png","path":"ad-harrop"},{"key":"pJgbjTucoTk","title":"Classified-Harrop 2","desc":"Classifieds: Harrop","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-harrop-2"},{"key":"pKQS8Bvi3hR","title":"Spotlight","desc":"ACerS Spotlight: Society Division Section Chapter News, Awards and Deadlines, Students and Outreach, Ceramics and Glass Industry Foundation briefs.","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/RzgzIAM-3W.jpg","path":"spotlight"},{"key":"pQcRCBumtjo","title":"Ad-Ceramics Expo","desc":"Advertisement: Ceramics Expo","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/uE_2TTwUZD.png","path":"ad-ceramics-expo"},{"key":"pRmOm9-pB89","title":"Ad-ACerS Online Learning","desc":"Advertisement: ACerS Online Learning","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/hA2dHPEjGL.png","path":"ad-acers-online-learning"},{"key":"pRtEI9-owEz","title":"Feature-Zachariasen","desc":"Numerous ceramists played hidden but key roles in the Manhattan Project. This article remembers the work of one such scientist, William Houlder Zachariasen.","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/eF0b7XYlH7.png","path":"feature-zachariasen"},{"key":"pSXUxoDRYIk","title":"Table of Contents","desc":"Table of Contents: A list of articles in this issue.","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/7Sqkfoa3jf.png","path":"table-of-contents"},{"key":"pSsMU877YuK","title":"BCC","desc":"Business and Market View: A regular column featuring excerpts from BCC Research reports on industry sectors involving the ceramic and glass industry. This article: Nondestructive testing equipment and services","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/Y1Ik2H6P4R.jpg","path":"bcc"},{"key":"pT8hID5EBfR","title":"Classified-Advanced Ceramic Technology","desc":"Classifieds: Advanced Ceramic Technology","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-advanced-ceramic-technology"},{"key":"pTbFJr0Vggb","title":"Classified Index","desc":"Classifieds: Index page with list of classified advertisers in this issue.","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-index"},{"key":"pW8jpC1RaBP","title":"Classified-Spectrochemical Laboratories","desc":"Classifieds: Spectrochemical Laboratories","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-spectrochemical-laboratories"},{"key":"pYqWJWvGSc4","title":"Classified-Centorr Vacuum Industries 2","desc":"Classifieds: Centorr Vacuum Industries","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-centorr-vacuum-industries-2"},{"key":"pav1Hae970L","title":"Masthead","desc":"Masthead: A list of staff members and their contact information.","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/pnr8S2AKYS.png","path":"masthead"},{"key":"pcZpU9V6hQR","title":"Ad-American Elements","desc":"Advertisement: American Elements","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/_W98BD12L7.png","path":"ad-american-elements"},{"key":"pdcc8g6VTIl","title":"Ad Index","desc":"A list of advertisers in this month's issue","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/4s1yeoMIQl.jpg","path":"ad-index"},{"key":"penY1Srg71S","title":"Ad-Alfred University","desc":"Advertisement: Alfred University","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/got6_nbN-h.png","path":"ad-alfred-university"},{"key":"pepAbJUsoRb","title":"Classified-Quality Executive Search","desc":"Classifieds: Quality Executive Search","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-quality-executive-search"},{"key":"pfhiHh9Jh3q","title":"Cover","desc":"ACerS Bulletin: March 2024, Vol. 103, No. 2","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/76PWP_GzHC.png","path":"","index":true},{"key":"phX7rb6TgHB","title":"Classified-Rauschert","desc":"Classifieds: Rauschert","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-rauschert"},{"key":"piSiBV_GVN4","title":"Help Guide","desc":"Help Guide: Instructions to navigate this emagazine.","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/TcHQtkYOJL.jpg","path":"help-guide"},{"key":"ppFnkG9CSKY","title":"Classified-Harrop 1","desc":"Classifieds: Harrop","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-harrop-1"},{"key":"ptdisdnRmcw","title":"Classified-PremaTech","desc":"Classifieds: PremaTech","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-prematech"},{"key":"puPSjBrymhF","title":"Classified-Centorr Vacuum Industries","desc":"Classifieds: Centorr Vacuum Industries","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-centorr-vacuum-industries"},{"key":"pwR6p6p7o3a","title":"Feature-Steel Ladle Breakout","desc":"Determining the root cause of a refractory failure issue is essential for liability and safeguarding reasons. A proper root cause analysis must consider all potential sources of failure, from materials to installation to operational factors.","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/Nyt_1nrNqR.png","path":"feature-steel-ladle-breakout"},{"key":"pwaZJKR-g0j","title":"Classified-Zircar Zirconia","desc":"Classifieds: Zircar Zirconia","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/2gCgtiTSQK.jpg","path":"classified-zircar-zirconia"},{"key":"pxsWXzN176t","title":"Ad-Deltech","desc":"Advertisement: Deltech","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/wcUj5Fp-Vb.png","path":"ad-deltech"},{"key":"pyAjbxShbAm","title":"Deciphering the Discipline","desc":"Deciphering the Discipline: Column offering the student perspective of the next generation of ceramic and glass scientists, organized by the ACerS President’s Council of Student Advisors. This article: Entropy-inspired materials for electroceramics","cover":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=628,w=1200,fit=crop/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/qbpuSKmd6b.jpg","path":"deciphering-the-discipline"}],"shapes":{"a8QxIHdLSX":[420.77,420.77,"M420.77,420.77L0,0H420.77V420.77"],"axhnTf-Px0":[512,512,"M256 8C119.043 8 8 119.083 8 256c0 136.997 111.043 248 248 248s248-111.003 248-248C504 119.083 392.957 8 256 8zm0 110c23.196 0 42 18.804 42 42s-18.804 42-42 42-42-18.804-42-42 18.804-42 42-42zm56 254c0 6.627-5.373 12-12 12h-88c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h12v-64h-12c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h64c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12v100h12c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12v24z"],"c8A88ZvqBp":[420.77,420.77,"M420.77,0L0,420.77V0H420.77"],"gUbFsFJwB4":[97.6,34.7,"M10.13,7.58H0V0.43H29.18V7.58H19.05V34.27H10.12V7.58zM39.14,32.57C36.60,31.15,34.64,29.13,33.26,26.52C31.88,23.91,31.20,20.85,31.20,17.33S31.89,10.75,33.26,8.14C34.64,5.53,36.60,3.52,39.14,2.12C41.68,0.71,44.68,0.01,48.14,0.01S54.60,0.71,57.14,2.12C59.68,3.53,61.64,5.54,63.00,8.14C64.36,10.75,65.04,13.81,65.04,17.33S64.35,23.91,62.98,26.52C61.60,29.13,59.64,31.14,57.10,32.57C54.56,33.99,51.57,34.71,48.15,34.71S41.69,34.00,39.15,32.57zM54.14,25.23C55.58,23.42,56.30,20.79,56.30,17.33S55.57,11.25,54.12,9.46C52.66,7.67,50.67,6.77,48.14,6.77S43.58,7.66,42.14,9.43C40.70,11.21,39.98,13.84,39.98,17.33S40.70,23.46,42.14,25.25C43.58,27.04,45.58,27.94,48.14,27.94S52.70,27.04,54.14,25.23zM76.93,32.54C74.32,31.10,72.32,29.07,70.93,26.44C69.54,23.82,68.84,20.78,68.84,17.32S69.54,10.83,70.93,8.22C72.32,5.61,74.32,3.59,76.93,2.15C79.54,0.71,82.60-0.01,86.12-0.01C88.33-0.01,90.46,0.33,92.53,1.00C94.59,1.67,96.28,2.57,97.59,3.69L94.85,9.93C92.07,7.98,89.22,7.00,86.31,7.00C83.56,7.00,81.45,7.86,80.00,9.59C78.54,11.32,77.82,13.89,77.82,17.32S78.55,23.33,80.00,25.07C81.46,26.81,83.56,27.69,86.31,27.69C89.22,27.69,92.07,26.71,94.85,24.76L97.59,31.00C96.28,32.12,94.59,33.02,92.53,33.69C90.47,34.36,88.33,34.70,86.12,34.70C82.60,34.70,79.54,33.98,76.93,32.54z"],"home-lg-alt-solid":[576,512,"M288 115L69.47 307.71c-1.62 1.46-3.69 2.14-5.47 3.35V496a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h128a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h96a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v128a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h128a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V311.1c-1.7-1.16-3.72-1.82-5.26-3.2zm282.69 121.28l-255.94-226a39.85 39.85 0 0 0-53.45 0l-256 226a16 16 0 0 0-1.21 22.6L25.5 282.7a16 16 0 0 0 22.6 1.21L277.42 81.63a16 16 0 0 1 21.17 0L527.91 283.9a16 16 0 0 0 22.6-1.21l21.4-23.82a16 16 0 0 0-1.22-22.59z"],"sJZA9TExrX":[384,512,"M224 136V0H24C10.7 0 0 10.7 0 24v464c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h336c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V160H248c-13.2 0-24-10.8-24-24zm76.45 211.36l-96.42 95.7c-6.65 6.61-17.39 6.61-24.04 0l-96.42-95.7C73.42 337.29 80.54 320 94.82 320H160v-80c0-8.84 7.16-16 16-16h32c8.84 0 16 7.16 16 16v80h65.18c14.28 0 21.4 17.29 11.27 27.36zM377 105L279.1 7c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H256v128h128v-6.1c0-6.3-2.5-12.4-7-16.9z"]},"images":{"9eJeCgXIJo":{"meta":{"width":1875,"height":1511,"description":"Illustration showing one pathway that molten steel can take during a breakout event"},"src":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/9eJeCgXIJo.png","srcset":[["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=320/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/9eJeCgXIJo.png",320],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=640/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/9eJeCgXIJo.png",640],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=960/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/9eJeCgXIJo.png",960],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=1280/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/9eJeCgXIJo.png",1280],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/9eJeCgXIJo.png",1875]]},"Pd0UQrLCGe":{"meta":{"width":2229,"height":1616,"description":"Seven main failure modes through which molten steel escapes in a direct stirring system"},"src":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=1920/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/Pd0UQrLCGe.png","srcset":[["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=320/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/Pd0UQrLCGe.png",320],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=640/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/Pd0UQrLCGe.png",640],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=960/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/Pd0UQrLCGe.png",960],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=1280/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/Pd0UQrLCGe.png",1280],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/Pd0UQrLCGe.png",2229]]},"TmoBhm5i4I":{"meta":{"width":3000,"height":2002,"description":"Refractory"},"src":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=1920/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/TmoBhm5i4I.jpg","srcset":[["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=320/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/TmoBhm5i4I.jpg",320],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=640/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/TmoBhm5i4I.jpg",640],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=960/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/TmoBhm5i4I.jpg",960],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=1280/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/TmoBhm5i4I.jpg",1280],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=2560/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/TmoBhm5i4I.jpg",2560]]},"jR5XQD4u0r":{"meta":{"description":"Ceramics & Glass Manufacturing Logo"},"src":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/jR5XQD4u0r.svg","srcset":[]},"sFQOLEHnRr":{"meta":{"description":"ACerS Bulletin Logo"},"src":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/sFQOLEHnRr.svg","srcset":[]},"vyW7uBoxPX":{"meta":{"width":2200,"height":1591,"description":"Typical argon stirring system layout"},"src":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=1920/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/vyW7uBoxPX.png","srcset":[["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=320/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/vyW7uBoxPX.png",320],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=640/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/vyW7uBoxPX.png",640],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=960/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/vyW7uBoxPX.png",960],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=1280/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/vyW7uBoxPX.png",1280],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/vyW7uBoxPX.png",2200]]},"zv9Dvzm6kd":{"meta":{"width":525,"height":700,"description":"Ad: AdValue"},"src":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/zv9Dvzm6kd.png","srcset":[["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=320/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/zv9Dvzm6kd.png",320],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=640/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/zv9Dvzm6kd.png",640],["https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/RxeA9TI6WxduOyIe0VDMVbrlpK92/image/zv9Dvzm6kd.png",700]]}},"interactions":{"trigger":{"global":{"onScroll":[],"onTimer":[],"onKeyDown":[],"onKeyUp":[]},"widget":{}},"event":{"widget":{}}},"pkg":{"frame":"basic","external-link":"basic","wIrN02u8fe":"p7avvksr","shape":"basic","w1br1l0lsu-u06":"pgxSSDpDPRe","w7Ty9ifjBD":"pEIMfUpQ6oy","w3KGW2DkF2":"p7aab14x","text":"basic","wl9gVIiyFe":"p7bqre2y","image":"basic","section":"basic","w75y8u1c":"basic","circle":"basic","w39jy5WlpfX":"XbbrSxSJp","wUNTsB8PHK":"scrollyteller"},"menus":{"IcFZ4Etk_B":{"children":[{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pfhiHh9Jh3q"},"title":"Cover","key":"XVcp9b-nF0"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pCPy5HiT5y5"},"title":"Ad Index","key":"QqZn_-VmH9"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pSXUxoDRYIk"},"title":"Table of Contents","key":"9ueFzxbEK9"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p4Mg8I-nSX3"},"title":"Online","key":"-eyNiFaLKZ"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p3rSIKOyXi3"},"title":"News","key":"QOcLyN79FF"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"poEnZJy84IG"},"title":"Ad-The American Ceramic Society","key":"-Gawa4_LOE"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pSsMU877YuK"},"title":"BCC","key":"0k9fP7TgwR"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pKQS8Bvi3hR"},"title":"Spotlight","key":"G7Im0G03Zm"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pikWPyKqKOs"},"title":"Ad-Deltech","key":"W6kbRI4gFv"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"puTHSKdYvj1"},"title":"Deep decarbonization","key":"nevj8pepdC"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"poxo6eeU3S6"},"title":"Ad-American Elements","key":"WtS-cmKq3P"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pt_HzZTo9CD"},"title":"Nela Park","key":"mOmNqnaoo4"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pE9yu8mwdi5"},"title":"Ad-Alfred University","key":"qp2ktHQUTx"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pFfG63W3n0F"},"title":"3D-printed ceramics in space","key":"M8yEhWK0fP"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pbV-ZbBjtez"},"title":"Ad-Harrop","key":"QOgw0_HJ_F"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pyAjbxShbAm"},"title":"Deciphering the Discipline","key":"i0SbnflejS"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p1qyCcQvOmn"},"title":"Ad-The American Ceramic Society 2","key":"nh5HxK-7rR"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p48oksnh0TD"},"title":"Departments","key":"M1hrU1_4Dx"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p4pgiF2EyVr"},"title":"Calendar","key":"GBh_ohXQzf"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p5_Fw0TTLi3"},"title":"Classified Index","key":"0ijMiwUcus"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"putRnZ1BGpU"},"title":"Masthead","key":"kqxS-r9gTN"}],"title":"Main menu","key":"IcFZ4Etk_B"},"Mgz_3V_Xcx":{"children":[{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pfhiHh9Jh3q"},"title":"Cover","key":"XVcp9b-nF0"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pCPy5HiT5y5"},"title":"Ad Index","key":"QqZn_-VmH9"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pSXUxoDRYIk"},"title":"Table of Contents","key":"9ueFzxbEK9"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p4Mg8I-nSX3"},"title":"Online","key":"-eyNiFaLKZ"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p3rSIKOyXi3"},"title":"News","key":"QOcLyN79FF"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"poEnZJy84IG"},"title":"Ad-The American Ceramic Society","key":"-Gawa4_LOE"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pSsMU877YuK"},"title":"BCC","key":"0k9fP7TgwR"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pKQS8Bvi3hR"},"title":"Spotlight","key":"G7Im0G03Zm"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pikWPyKqKOs"},"title":"Ad-Deltech","key":"W6kbRI4gFv"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"puTHSKdYvj1"},"title":"Deep decarbonization","key":"nevj8pepdC"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"poxo6eeU3S6"},"title":"Ad-American Elements","key":"WtS-cmKq3P"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pt_HzZTo9CD"},"title":"Nela Park","key":"mOmNqnaoo4"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pE9yu8mwdi5"},"title":"Ad-Alfred University","key":"qp2ktHQUTx"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pFfG63W3n0F"},"title":"3D-printed ceramics in space","key":"M8yEhWK0fP"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pbV-ZbBjtez"},"title":"Ad-Harrop","key":"QOgw0_HJ_F"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pyAjbxShbAm"},"title":"Deciphering the Discipline","key":"i0SbnflejS"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p1qyCcQvOmn"},"title":"Ad-The American Ceramic Society 2","key":"nh5HxK-7rR"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p48oksnh0TD"},"title":"Departments","key":"M1hrU1_4Dx"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p4pgiF2EyVr"},"title":"Calendar","key":"GBh_ohXQzf"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p5_Fw0TTLi3"},"title":"Classified Index","key":"0ijMiwUcus"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"putRnZ1BGpU"},"title":"Masthead","key":"kqxS-r9gTN"}],"title":"Main menu","key":"Mgz_3V_Xcx"},"UIGoCCyQiq":{"title":"Main menu","children":[{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pfhiHh9Jh3q"},"title":"Cover","key":"g1JMAujQWb"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pdcc8g6VTIl"},"title":"Ad Index","key":"w_anr8F-0q"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pSXUxoDRYIk"},"title":"Table of Contents","key":"jGzTgUehkW"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p4Mg8I-nSX3"},"title":"Online","key":"0QsuK5JBid"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pcZpU9V6hQR"},"title":"Ad-American Elements","key":"fwiAs7c7_4"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p3rSIKOyXi3"},"title":"News","key":"hzxxy4RoVh"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pSsMU877YuK"},"title":"BCC","key":"he6FTJh895"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pKQS8Bvi3hR"},"title":"Spotlight","key":"2IPxTweuxf"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"penY1Srg71S"},"title":"Ad-Alfred University","key":"s0gplmdEGu"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pG0nHJuZ__w"},"title":"Feature-Analytical X-ray Techniques","key":"n5a--hpH3d"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pJMQdTT-eIh"},"title":"Ad-Harrop","key":"iKkaVRbEHb"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pwR6p6p7o3a"},"title":"Feature-Steel Ladle Breakout","key":"sD7ZxoId2t"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pxsWXzN176t"},"title":"Ad-Deltech","key":"y2kEFY-5Df"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pCJxJzxenCD"},"title":"Feature-Discrete Element Modeling","key":"Crx7TbLBoo"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pQcRCBumtjo"},"title":"Ad-Ceramics Expo","key":"10_Owi-ZaO"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pRtEI9-owEz"},"title":"Feature-Zachariasen","key":"ai5QAwP7t_"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pRmOm9-pB89"},"title":"Ad-ACerS Online Learning","key":"JuObJRwYq9"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pyAjbxShbAm"},"title":"Deciphering the Discipline","key":"zZJUhus_xU"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p48oksnh0TD"},"title":"Departments","key":"DpphLfWmkl"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pJK7Gvc6pKi"},"title":"Calendar","key":"vu36ZG8AHb"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pTbFJr0Vggb"},"title":"Classified Index","key":"AtqAE0Y86b"},{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pav1Hae970L"},"title":"Masthead","key":"t9bVyWk1u8"}],"key":"UIGoCCyQiq"}},"primaryMenu":"UIGoCCyQiq","settings":{"devices":[{"mode":"desktop","name":"16:9","columnWidth":[1300,1300],"minMax":true,"canvasSize":[1536,864]},{"mode":"custom1","name":"4:3","minMax":true,"columnWidth":[1024,1024],"canvasSize":[1280,960]},{"mode":"tablet","minMax":true,"columnWidth":[600,600],"canvasSize":[768,1024]},{"mode":"mobile","columnWidth":[320,320],"minMax":true,"canvasSize":[375,667]}]},"masterMode":"desktop"}